No fast food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No fast food - Essay Example Eating no fast food has various benefits such as reducing body weight and consuming improved nutrition just to mention a few. However, many medical experts see reducing health risks as the major advantage of consuming no fast foods. Unlike fast food that medical practitioners associate with development of deadly ailments like high blood pressure, obesity, and heart diseases, no fast foods are well prepared thus promote a healthy life. Most of them do not contain saturated fats that ends up depositing in the blood vessels inform of cholesterols. Consumption of no fast foods that are healthy prevents obesity and leads to a healthy improved nutrition that reduces chances of developing chronic health conditions.Fast foods have a number of benefits though the most evident merit of fast food is the element of saving time. There is nothing that is as important as getting a ready meal especially in the modern fast-spaced life whereby everybody is busy with work. Despite the extreme praises t hat fresh foods get from chefs, people end up finding themselves taking fast foods like pizzas and burgers after a busy day that makes one feel exhausted and hungry. Preparing one’s meal might be a difficult and time-consuming task especially if the necessary ingredients are not readily available. This aspect makes consuming fast food get extra score compared to cooking meals for a busy person. The main disadvantage of no fast food is the issue of inconvenience and the amount of time that is consumed during their preparation

Diary Entry of John Proctor Essay Example for Free

Diary Entry of John Proctor Essay Tomorrow is the day of my execution. For once of my life I lied, I confessed to something I do not believe, I betrayed my friend. I am a man of sin, I told Danforth that they were all involved in witchcraft, I thought I would not feel guilty about it since they are already dead and I am doing this for my family. My beloved wife Elizabeth needs a man in the household, and my children, they need a father. I thought putting my family as my first priority, even more important than honor and the truth; but I am wrong, seriously wrong. I used them, my neighbors, my friends in order to persuit my own happiness. I used them, I am a man of sin. I am now a man of sin, and this is all because of that lustful woman named Abigail Williams. I admit that I did like her at first, her beauty deeply attracted me and I did something that was a shame for my whole life, I betrayed my wife Elizabeth. I dont know what I was thinking back than, but I certainly regret it now. Elizabeth trusted me, our family were united, everything were fabulous until that woman came into my life. If there were anyone that is actually the devil, is must be her, Abagail Williams. She didnt just ruin the life of my household, but everyone in Salem, the Coreys, the Nurses, even the Putnams were ruined because of that devil and her so called witchcraft. Because of her, nobody in Salem could live the lives they had, everyone went crazy, everybody is accusing each other in order to keep themselves away from harm. Maybe Abagail didnt realise that the results will turn out to be like this, but this is reality. Its all because of her lust, her thirst for power, her wicked sick mind, its all because of her. It is Abagail that drove everyone mad. It is Abagail that made everyone suspiciouse of their neighbors and friends. It is Abagail that killed out people in Salem. And it is Abagail that made me have to lose my word, it is her that made me confess to a lie. It is Abagail Williams who turned me into the man that doesnt worth anymore credit, it is Abagail that killed me. Abagail Williams is not saint that confessed to the truth, but a murderer that slaughtered the nice people of Salem. Tomorrow is my last day living, how will the people of Salem view me? Maybe they will take me as the villian that blackened the saints names, or maybe they will see me as a man with honor, to die like a man not a coward that wouldve done anything to save my own life. I will die like a man.

Assume Equal Responsibility In Raising Children Children And Young People Essay

Assume Equal Responsibility In Raising Children Children And Young People Essay Naturally, family is made up of mother, father, and children. Children are supposed to be raised by both parents, and we all accept that father and mother have vital roles in upbringing their children into potential and useful people to contribute to social development. However, it is quite challenging if we want to compare whether mother or father is more important. What if mother is more important, is she has to assume more responsibility, or what if father is, ought he to assume more? On my point of view, in no account should parents assume unequal responsibility due to children development sake, the difficulty of raising children, and family happiness. Whether or not children are nurtured with equal responsibility from mother and father has effect on childrens development throughout their lives. With both cares, children get full experience of live from both mother and father because what father can give to children is different from that of the mother, but it doesnt mean one is less important than the other. Mother can teach children how to cook, how to sew, or how to deal with household chore while father can teach them how to fish, to be strong, or to protect oneself from any danger. And some circumstances children need advice from father and other circumstances, only mother is more suitable to give advice. On top of that it is also known that with both parents care, children benefit in their braveness. Children will feel confident around the house, at school, or elsewhere because they think they are equal to other, and they have both parents supporting them. Oppositely, if one side fails to care their children, it means that ha lf of knowledge is leak sine rarely can either a mother or father completely function as both roles. Not only does their knowledge is affected, but also children are more likely to have gone to wrong path as Peiitea in his article had quoted You need both eyes to see the clear path. Without one, it becomes blurry and you may be sidetracked from the path and may not be able to find your way again (peiitea, 2011). Imagine when a child who is fatherless or motherless walking on the street and sees other children with their mother and father, how would they feel? It would upset the children, and improper behavior will occur as the result of this upset feeling. The National Fatherhood Initiative, U.S. Bureau of Census for the FBI researched and gathered statistics related to children who were raised in a household without a father. Individuals who were father deprived make up 72% of all teenager murderers. 60% of the rapists in society also did not have an active father figure in their life. 70% of young people who are incarcerated today suffer from father  deprivation as well. Children who lack a father growing up are twice as likely to quit school and eleven times more likely to have violent behavior. Three out of four teenage suicides also have the common factor of an absentee father. 80% of adolescents in psychiatric hospitals do not have a father figure in their lives as well as 90% of all run-aways (Watergrl76, 2012). Moreover children also face confidence leaking problem with the absence of one side. Biologically, father is the one who give his daughter emotion confident, protection, and affection. According to an article online, women without fathers tend to have low self-confidence around men. They are weak and hide what their boundaries are (Paul, 2008). In all, It is precise that children without or less care from father do ruin their lives. The absence or unequal responsibility may upset their development. Secondly, raising children is not easy task. When they were babies, from milk, food, cloth, cleaning, learning to walk, or sleep is all stressful. They are twenty four hours needed to be taken care of. What if the baby gets sick, not only money that you have to pay but also the nervousness you encounter. As they grow up and go to school, more thing parents need to concern whether they study well, make friend with gangster, play school truant, or eat something unhealthy. Furthermore, every children is different, using old way to teach children will not work to your own children. You need more time to observe them and choose the best way. In an article I read online, mentions taking care children is extremely hard, and wrong way of teaching children is frustrating for you as well as the child. Raising the child alone is even tougher. (TOSSER, 2009). Mother or father alone cant handle those stresses. Remember besides your children who need care, you yourself also need to rest. You need a partner who can give encouragement and warm. Nevertheless, with both parents share responsibility, thing is solved. Last but not least, that both parent share equal responsibility increases family happiness. The more time you are with each other, the more understanding you have for each other. Everyone in the family feel close and warm. It brings peaceful environment to children as well the whole family. In an online article also proves that when both parents have a collaboration and fantastic agreement in adopting children, family makes less argument (Both Parents should Assume Equal Responsibility in Raising Children , 2011). In contrast, without one side care, both the children and the member family feel they are neglected. Children feel they dont receive love from father, and mother feel father dont willing to help her. Nothing is worse than parent care only working and dont have time for family. My counterpart might say that parents cant share equal responsibility because father is busier at work to own for the living. He doesnt have time to take care of their children. Mother needs to be responsible for it. This argument has some merit on the surface. Remember marriage is not all our sharing task to do, but love. Work at house, taking care of the baby and household, is much more stressful then the job outside. In addition, everyone is busy; it is just the matter of how you manage your time, and what if mother unfortunately passes away, who will take care of our children? How could you support to take care of them when you and they are almost stranger? If father dont have time for his children, it will reduce the family happiness. To sum up, because of the interest of childrens development, the stress of raising children, and the family satisfaction, sharing equal responsibility is a must. Every parent should take this into consideration because children are weak and innocent they need both cares and support to help them accept new thing, learn the social value, and meet with the social expectation.

Influenced by Republicanism, but not a True Republican :: essays research papers fc

Influenced by Republicanism, but not a True Republican   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The philosophy of a republican form of government was certainly not a creation of James Madison and the Federalists. The idea of such a government has been around since the beginning of political philosophy. While the definition has changed over the centuries, certain constants continue to define a strictly republican regime. The goals and priorities of a republic are distinct yet dissimilar from those of James Madison’s philosophy. Generally, a republican government is defined as one which idealizes the public interests as the highest good and imposes a duty on each citizen to work toward the public interests before individual ones. Due to the influence of natural rights philosophers, Madison’s ideas are not strictly republican despite the fact that he considers them to be so.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not long before Madison, a French philosopher named Montesquieu wrote several works about classical republicanism. One major claim he stood by was the age-old idea that â€Å"political virtue means self-renunciation†. In other words, the goal of politics is for individuals to devalue selfish interests and instead work to achieve the interests of the entire community. Montesquieu believed that a just government should ensure the interests of the public and pay little attention to the concerns of the individual. This type of virtue is similar to that of ancient philosophers Plato and Aristotle. While Madison strays from the goals of Montesquieu’s government, he adopts many of his ideas involving the creation of a just government that protects the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Montesquieu’s emphasis on the separation of government into three divisions is an idea that Madison adapted in the Constitution. In the â€Å"republican† government, checks and balances are necessary to keep the government working for the people instead of the reverse. The wisest of men are to represent the people’s interests and understand these interests to be those of the community as a whole. Madison may have adopted the separation of powers idea from philosophers such as Montesquieu and Locke, but there are several more prerequisites required to compose a truly republican government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the Anti-Federalists were not classical republicans either, they did make some valid arguments as to why the beliefs of the Federalists were not consistently republican. A core belief of the Anti-Federalists was the ideal of a small community whose representatives were directly involved with the people. This strong sense of community was believed to unite the people in common interests and therefore renunciate individuality.

Religious Freedom in the Philippines Essay

I. Introduction Based on Dr. Jose Rizal’s symbolisms on the cover page of Noli Me Tangere, religion is a big influence with the perspective of the people. However, in the future, there will still be the influence of religion, but people are then educated. People stop continuing the old practices because they start to question the logic in doing these practices. This is only proof that even though the Filipino mind is deeply influenced by Christianity, being open to improving and revealing of oneself is not that far away. We can never change history or force someone to change their beliefs, but let the youth be the ones to discover it themselves. The Filipino youth must be allowed to choose their religion. If not, they end up being confused, losing the essence of religion during marriage, and continuously discriminated due to offensive stereotyping. Inclining their personality with the appropriate beliefs will result to a better perspective for living and to discovering their self-identity. In fant Baptism states that it wipes away original sin; this is a sacrament being practiced almost fully in the Philippines. Their parents are already binding them to be devoted to a belief that may or may not be suitable for their child. This is the simplest act of violation to the freedom of religion. What will happen to those children who refuse to believe in the practices that their parents taught them? These children end up being outcast to their society, causing depression that sometimes leads to suicide. Majority of the Filipino population are Christian Catholics. At present, the essence of Christianity has been continuously forgotten by these Catholics themselves. For Christians, the Ten Commandments take on a whole new perspective. But it seems that the Ten Commandments are not followed, showing signs of unfaithfulness or betrayal to their owl religion. Then what is the logical explanation for being baptised as Christians if they are not devoted or loyal to Christianity? Based on their actions, they are clearly violating the Ten Commandments. The First Commandment states that â€Å"I am the Lord your God. You shall not have other gods beside me† (Ex 20:2-3; Dt 5:6-7), but to be loyal to their God is to follow His commandments. Unfortunately, there are violating the f irst commandment without them knowing it. At the same time, the Filipino population has a young population, meaning majority of the community are minors. And in lieu with the majority of Christians in the Philippines, majority of these minors are Christians. Since Filipino Christians are mostly unfamiliar to their religion, they do not practice their religion fully despite that they are born Christians. They are growing to be more confused about their religion, and end up losing the essence of it as they grow older. Marriage is a part of adulthood, and marriage is a holy sacrament practiced by Christians to bond their relationship with the opposite sex, declaring them husband and wife, in the name of God. But do the Christians being wedded nowadays even recognise the essence of being married? Most of them get married to have the right to experience sexual intercourse legally, property rights of the mate, and in the name of love. Not knowing they are already forgetting the essence of getting married in the name of God. The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice. Although Christianity was the predominant religion, there is no state religion, and under the Constitution church and State are separate. Muslims were the largest minority religious group in the country. There was widespread debate over the exact size of the Muslim population, as some officials and observers claimed that security concerns in western Mindanao prevented census takers from conducting accurate counts outside urban areas. Estimates ranged from 3.9 million to 7 million, or 5 to 9 % of the population. Muslims resided principally in Mindanao and nearby islands, but there were Muslim communities throughout the country. Historically, Muslims have been discriminated from the Christian majority. The national culture, with its emphasis on familial, tribal, and regional loyalties, forms informal barriers whereby access to jobs or resources is provided first to those of one’s own family or group network. Muslims reported difficulty renting rooms in boarding houses or being hired for work if they used their real name or wore distinctive Muslim dress. As a result, some Muslims used a Christian pseudonym and did not wear distinctive dress when applying for housing or jobs. The Government’s crackdown on the terrorist ASG has led some human rights NGOs to accuse the police and military of unfairly targeting Muslims for arrest and detention. However, most observers believed that discrimination against Muslims was grounded on cultural differences, not religious beliefs or practices. There also were reports of Muslim discrimination against Christians in areas where Muslims were the majority. In conclusion, freedom of religion must be strictly implemented in the Philippines. And the first step to continue practicing the freedom of religion is to let the youth have the freedom to choose their religion. As a result, Filipinos possibly will be more productive and will have a better point of view in life. This may be a solution to the major crisis of the Philippines with the economy. Workers, namely Filipinos, play a big part in the economy. So having better and devoted workers will help produce a greater economy for Philippines, and resulting to rise of the Filipinos from poverty. II. Significance of the Study Religion is a system of belief that a group of people practice. It involves devotion and ritual observances. And often contains a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. Religion is something that virtually all humans have in common. In all corners of the world and in all eras of history, people have wondered about the meaning of life, how to make the best of it, what happens afterwards, and if there is anyone or anything â€Å"out there.† Nowadays, religious devotion is being practiced by Filipinos. Sudden devotion to the Black Nazarene is being observed. But still, there are devotees to other religious groups who stay loyal. The freedom of religion is going to benefit majority of Filipinos because of the importance of religion to the Filipinos. The freedom of religion is giving Filipinos the right to practice their religion and still belong to the community without being discriminated; this will unite the Filipino community. Freedom of religion can improve quality of education and man power. Children who are free to choose their belief will have a better perspective in life, and this will help increase man power. Man power is a basic element to greater economy which will be beneficial to the community. It is better to have a better set of generations to educate and nurture for the betterment of our country. Those who will be working or earning money can have a better life. Fewer crimes will be committed due to devotion to what you really want to believe. Democracy will be more effective, because even though there is a law including freedom of religion, namely Article III, section 5, stating free exercise of religious worship shall be allowed, we are not fully practicing freedom. III. Body A. Religion a. Religions in the World 1. Major Religions Religion is a belief where in people sometimes uses it as a way of life or a perspective. There are many, long established, major world religions, each with over three million followers. These religions that are considered as major religions include Christianity, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, Hinduism, Taoism, Baha’i Faith, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto’s, Sikhism, and Paganism; All from different countries of the world. If we had been born in a specific place, we are most likely to adapt the most common religion in the place. Given that you were born in Saudi Arabia, you would almost certainly hold Muslim beliefs. In much of Europe, there is Christianity. And in the Philippines, you are most likely to be Catholic; except if you were born in ARMM, you are to be a Muslim. 2. Neopagans This religion is a modern-day reconstruction of ancient Pagan religions from various countries and eras. Majority of the followers of the Neopagans refer to themselves as Pagans. But the term Neopagans is used because the followers and the religion itself is less ambiguous compare to the Pagans. Neopagans include Asatru or Norse Paganism, Druidism, Wicca, and Witchcraft. But some followers of Asatru regard themselves as Heathens rather than Neopagans. 3. Atheist An Atheist is seldom referred to as agnostic or infidel. Atheists are people who do not believe in the existence of a supreme being. They deny to be committed to the belief of creation of the universe by a particular deity. They spread free thoughts, sceptical inquiry, and subsequent increase in criticism of religion. One of the most famous groups of Atheists is the Scientology. b. History of Religions in the Philippines 1. Early Period In this period of time, the Philippines were invaded by the Spaniards. The Spaniards were the ones who introduced Catholicism to the Filipinos. Specifically, Ferdinand Magellan was the one who introduced it to Lapu-lapu. The Spaniards were off on a search for Marianas Island, it is said to be rich in different spices. They got off the chart and accidentally went to the Philippines. Their goal was the three G’s; God, gold, and glory; God, to introduce Catholicism, gold, to be able to get a lot of resources, and glory, to invade the islands. They were successful with this because until now, most of the Filipinos practice the religion they introduced to us, Catholicism. 2. Revolutionary Era In 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. By February 1902, the United States defeated the forces of Spain. They established an independent state for the country. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was declared stating that no law shall be made to prohibit free will, and that free exercise must forever be allowed. 3. Late American Period The Americans established a religious freedom by declaring the separation of church and state based on the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Filipinos still show signs of anti-friars; therefore, the Americans replaced the Spanish friars for Filipino one’s to take over. The Marcos regime continues to rein the country and imposed Martial Law, which some of the bishops opposed, trying to win back the hearts and loyalty of the country. 4. Post-Independence Corazon Aquino took over Marcos’ presidency and brought back the unity of the government with the Catholic Church. This made way for church officials to make an impression on the 1986 Constitutional Commission. B. Freedom of Religion in the Philippines a. Constitutional Laws 1. Benevolent Neutrality The Supreme Court of the Philippines, established the doctrine of benevolent neutrality-accommodation. The 2006 ruling, imposed by former Chief Justice Puno, explained benevolent-neutrality in the context of U.S. jurisprudence. It states that religious practices is a unanimous right and does not privilege the society to discriminate anyone who accommodates their religion under some circumstances. 2. Article II, Section 3 The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. With the guarantee of religious freedom in the Philippines, the Roman Catholic Church clergy subsequently remained in the political background as a source of moral influence for many voters during elections until today. Political candidates generally court the clergy for support, although this does not guarantee victory for a candidate. The Philippines was placed under martial law by Dictator Ferdinand Marcos and relations changed dramatically, as some bishops opposed the martial law. 3. Article III, Section 5 No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights The former Philippine Organic Act of 1902. This law is now imposed in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. But the right to act in accordance with one’s belief cannot be absolute. Conduct remains subject to regulation and even prohibition for the protection of society. It may not be used to justify an action or refusal inconsistent with general welfare of society (People vs. Diel, [CA] 44 O.G. 590, August 22, 1947). One of the regulations imposed in its exercise is the compliance of government employees to Section 5 of the Omnibus Rules relative to the number of working hours. While government employees of Muslim faith are excused from work between the hours of 10 o’clock in the morning up to 2 o’clock in the afternoon every Friday, they are obligated to compensate said lost working hours by adopting flexible time schedule to complete forty hours of work in a week. 4. Republic Act No. 3350 This was intended to serve the purpose of advancing the constitutional right to the free exercise of religion, by averting that some people be dismissed from work, or be dispossessed of their right to work and of being impeded to pursue a modest means of livelihood, by reason of union security agreements. b. Religious Conflicts 1. Religious Freedom in the Government Offices Act Kabataan Rep. Raymond Palatino has withdrawn House Bill 6330 otherwise known as the Religious Freedom in Government Offices Act, which seeks to ban religious images and ceremonies in government offices. The fact that one legislator actually had the guts to file a bill like this in a country where the Roman Catholic Church holds considerable influence in politics is already an achievement in itself. As Palatino said in a statement,†We are encouraged by the fact that despite the misunderstandings, the bill initiated relevant discussions on freedom of religion as one of the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution.† 2. Muslim Discrimination Muslims were the largest minority religious group in the country. Muslims resided principally in Mindanao and nearby islands, but there were Muslim communities throughout the country. Historically, Muslims have been alienated from the predominant Christian majority. The national culture, with its emphasis on familial, tribal, and regional loyalties, creates informal barriers whereby access to jobs or resources is provided first to those of one’s own family or group network. Muslims reported difficulty renting rooms in boarding houses or being hired for retail work if they used their real name or wore distinctive Muslim dress. As a result, some Muslims used a Christian pseudonym and did not wear distinctive dress when applying for housing or jobs 3. Separation of Church and State The First Amendment is about the right to free exercise of religion. It’s interaction with non-discrimination law based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The right of a non-church-related employer to discriminate against gay employees based on religious belief is against a law prohibiting job discrimination. The enactment of employment protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity, opponents of such laws have often raised concerns about the infringement of the religious freedom of business owners. C. Current Religious State Is religious freedom being practiced fully in the Philippines? Based on other researches, even though there are many laws regarding the separation of church and state, the Catholic Church still has a lot of influence in the system of the government. And in the minds of the Filipino community, they are not practicing this given democracy and the simple act of baptism to a child is a form of violation. Baptism is a form of surrendering yourself to a Supreme Being and you are already making a sin to that Supreme Being whenever he has doubts or decide to choose their own religion. This is giving pressure to the youth and sometimes lead to social discrimination and suicide. IV. Conclusion The Filipino youth is the foundation of the future of the Philippine community. That’s why we must nurture the youth and continue to educate them and guide them towards a life with more purpose. In our country, religion is one of the major factors that affect the society’s perspective. That is why as early as now; the youth must be guided properly and taught according to their choice of religion. Religion is a way of life, a system of belief wherein they give knowledge of people’s lives importance. And it will be an advantage for everyone in the way they behave. This will lead to a better community, the one that can provide a safe environment for Filipinos and foreigners. And freedom of religion can help produce educated people, and this results to greater man power and greater economy. V. Bibliography Agoncillo, Teodoro; Guerrero, Milagros (1970). History of the Filipino People. Malaya Books. Bacani, Teodoro (1987). The Church and Politics. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: Clarentian Publications. Schumacher, John (1976). Church and State in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Loyola School of Theology, Quezon City. de la Costa, Horacio; John Schumacher (1976). Church and State: The Philippine Experience. Quezon City, Philippines: Loyola School of Theology.

Future of Canadian Force

FUTURE OF CANADIAN FORCEHarmonizing to research Canadian Forces can be defined as armed forces set up by Canada and is made of ; the Air Force, Land force and Canadian Navy. Canadian Air Force has 13 bases around Canada, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador and Newfoundland being the major air bases. The bid control and administrative installations are in North Bay and Winnipeg severally. NATO Air Based is based in Geilenkirchen. Canadian Land Force can besides be referred as the Canadian Army whereas Canadian Navy is referred as Maritime Command and a descendent of Royal Navy. The Maritime Command has 33 pigboats and war vessels at the Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard on the west seashore of the Pacific and at Canadian Dockyard on the east seashore of the Atlantic. Canadian Command was created in 2006 to better clip response to natural catastrophes and domestic terrorist act commanded by committee officer. Harmonizing to Jayson Myers President of Canadian Manufacturers and Exports, economical challenges and unprecedented market volatility are a fact that Canada is populating in planetary economic crisis.What should the hereafter of Canadian defense mechanism force be?In the close hereafter the Canadian authorities will hold to happen off to keep the military personnels in Afghanistan, , if they withdraw the war, the troops outgo will be the best program to salvage the authorities from shortages. The budget will be cut if they do n't set about their missions ; therefore turning their economic system. Most recent UN missions have successfully proven at enforcing peace ; missions were conducted by armed military. ( National Post Magazine ) Canadian Defence Force requires the reshaping and reorganization of its armed forces. In the past the authorities argued that the traditional arrangement of the Royal Navy, Canadian Army and the Air Force service head and commanding officer might non run into the challenges presented to them in the hereafter. After World War I Canada began to incorporate defense mechanism activities which did n't last long, it was ended earlier World War II, but when the war was over the British Commonwealth existed through the traditional administration. Canadian politicians are non and ne'er have been interested in defense mechanism ; Canadian populace can non get away a portion of the incrimination. Too many of our people think that all we enjoy was ever at that place, was non fought for, will merely go on, without our personal attending. We are no longer doing any attempts in international personal businesss. While some sensible grade of freedom still remains for us under our signifier of authorities, we must confront the fact that this freedom will shortly vanish unless we exercise our rights sagely. Canada must take major strivings to guarantee that we are good plenty informed on the pick of wise leaders – possibly, great leaders. I quote ; Rear Admiral Jeffrey Brock, DSO, DSC, CD, RCN, was functioning as Vice Chief of Naval Staff in Ottawa in the early sixtiess. Canadian authorities needs a traditional peacekeeping even after the undertaking backdown in Kandahar, either under the United Nations regional authorization or NATO. The authorities should guarantee that the picks she is doing are a better benefit to the Canadians civilians and military therefore they need to be really first-class in peacekeeping. The Chief of Defence Staff spoke on the Canadian conflict of inundations, fires and ice storms all over the state and the political agitation across the universe. The extended reforms and the strong battle decrease on the budget and became transparent on the populace they serve. Other types of international securities are likely to come up in the hereafter to contend non-traditional panics like cyber-terrorism and terrorist act. Human rights issues such as nutrient entree, clean H2O entree, energy, ecological debasement and infective diseases. Security along the boundary lines is no longer an entirely measured in geographic boundary line, therefore keeping and procuring a boundary line requires impact on economic figures, so as pandemics such as swine grippe, HIV/AIDS, clime alteration and struggles between the provinces can non be easy prevented. Defense mechanism policy has to find a manner to avoid its permeableness to money crisis, migration, engineering and diseases. Canada has improved on how to react in struggles created by different ethnics and faith. Besides non-Canadians who have entree to unsafe arms used in guerilla warfare needs a force that can analyse and make up one's mind between the terrorist act. Assorted provinces that are willing to lend their military personnels and constabularies will hold to accept and hold to the challenges that awaits them in peacekeeping, therefore traveling from the traditional peacekeeping which is maintained by CF personals. The duologue between the province members helps in casualties and costs. CF experience in Afghanistan has a large value in polishing usage of advanced engineering in struggle state of affairss. Police and military personnels who have no experience therefore preparation and back uping them can help in the UN mission. An identified and a functional bid and communicating system is important in peacekeeping. A major dissension has been on civil military coordination and civil military cooperation at the tactical and operational degrees.What are the major menaces to Canadian security today?The Canadian Security Intelligence Service is an internal security of the Canadian Government which is responsible for analysing coverage and roll uping information needed on menaces to Canada National Security. The Canadian security Intelligence Service was established following the McDonald Commission if Inquiry in 1984. The service is responsible for early warnings to the authorities and bureaus on the suspected activities that threatens the state ‘s security. Due to the rise of terrorist act and the death of the Cold War, Canada Security Intelligence Service has put across a public safety precedence. This can be seen in the high proportion of resources devoted to counter-terrorism.Some of the activities that menace CanadaSabotageThese are activities conducted in order to jeopardize the safety, security, public or private belongings, and make fear to the Canadian people.EspionageThese are conducted for the intent of desiring to get improper agencies of informations or sensitive political assets, economical plus, military arms and besides unauthorised foreign communicating to other organisation.TerrorismThis is the menace or usage of force to seek and oblige the Canadian ‘s authorities to move or follow with their demands. Some of these activities may take to decease to people, devastation of public and private belongingss. Character assassinations, bomb menaces, surety pickings are merely illustrations of some of those activities tha t endanger the day-to-day live of Canadians.The actions may be to coerce a given political response.CorruptionThese are intended to other throw the authorities by force and usage of force. Corruption seeks to destruct the electoral, legislative, administrative and judicial procedures of the state. Harmonizing to the CBC intelligence the National Security Policy was talked in parliament 2004, they outlined a wide range security, and public safety to protect the people of Canada. The authorities set aside about $ 690 million for the action program and model. ( CBC News Online | April 27, 2004 ) The Deputy Prime Minister and Public Safety ; Minister Anne McLellan ; said the program titled Procuring an Open Society: the policy is based on three national security involvements: First ; protecting Canada and her people place and abroad. Second ; lending to international security. Third ; guaranting Canada is non a base for menaces. In the address made to W.P.D. Elcock Director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service to the Vancouver Board of Trade, it was said that the Al-Qaeda still remains the most unsafe organisation of international range. It still continues to have its support from the terrorist groups like Sunni or persons across the universe.What Does the Security and Intelligence Do?The service contributes safety and security to its people, therefore the service must judge the growing of menaces supplying good advice to political leaders and what steps of bar they can take. The work of the service is ; supplying the authorities with advice on specific menaces to the state. Supplying the intelligence that is used by the authorities for its day-to-day usage and for long term scope development in determination devising. The service entree major issues and events impacting her involvements. They investigate assess menaces to the security on her people.CANADIAN ALLIANCEThis was a party that was in betw een 2000 and 2003, the party was a replacement to Reform Party of Canada and made a interruption through and was positioned as the Official Opposition. It supported all the policies and seeked decrease of the authorities disbursement and decrease of revenue enhancements. The confederation of Canadian Dietetic Regulatory Bodies consists of 10 equal and independent dietary regulative organic structures. Its intent is to protect public. It is besides responsible for reflecting current dietary pattern and model The function of regulative in the populace have authorized and is responsible for executing these ; construing dietary Scopess of patterns, such as restricted activities. Establishing, implementing and keeping the criterions for the ethnics, behavior and go oning competency. Protecting professional rubrics and appellations into distinguishing regulate and unregulated nutrition. Ensuring dietary instruction and preparation plans meet their demands for enrollments. Assessing and registering qualified appliers in their provincial legal powers. Investigating and deciding ailments about a dietician ‘s pattern, and fit pattern. Some of the aims of the Alliance are ; developing common model to set up criterions for entry to pattern and go oning competence. Facilitating labour mobility for dietetics. Communicating with the external groups on affairs related to the ordinances of the dieticians in the state. International Migrants ‘ Alliance Harmonizing to Asian Pacific Mission for Migrants adult females are the most exploited people in the universe. Those who are oppressed largely are migratory ‘s workers and immigrants whom are non-documented. These conditions have increased due to the failure of non-neo-liberal globalization and that has lead to many prejudiced policies posed by the authorities. The policy is a national confirmation strategy of Thailand which is to put phases for monolithic crackdowns on foreign workers and migrators. Queerly some states in the part where barbarous onslaughts have occurred besides are willing to shortly come up with the rights of adult females and immature kids. International of Canada and the Public Service Alliance of Canada was held in 2010, April. The party agreed on the major outstanding points presented, these are ; paid vacations, torments, holidaies, staffing processs, suspension and subject, and layoff callback.Industrial AllianceIndustrial Alliance Insurance and Financial Service was founded in 1892 which is a life and wellness insurance company which offers a big assortment of life and wellness insurance merchandises. It is besides the 4th largest insurance company in Canada.

Free Essays on Death Be Not Proud

The novel, Death Be Not Proud, by John Gunther, is the story of the struggle of a child to stay alive. Johnny Gunther Jr.'s constant hope got him out of bed every morning with a positive attitude. His outright opposition to the fact that he was going to die and his determination not to, kept a fiery spirit in him so that he didn't give up. Johnny's stubborn determination to not accept defeat at so early an age, along with the tremendous courage he showed when realizing that he must accept his defeat, is a strong point portrayed in this novel. Johnny's hope, determination, and courage kept his death at bay. One of the main reasons that Johnny remained alive for so much longer than he should have lived, was the hope that he possessed. He hoped every day of his illness that he would get better, that his parents would be spared their grief, or that some doctor would come up with a revolutionary idea that would heal him. Because of his hope, Johnny never complained or protested during the entire course of his illness. He always obeyed the doctors' wishes and followed their instructions to a "T" because he wanted so desparatly to get well. Although he realized that eventually his life would end, he still never gave up the hope that perhaps he could outsmart his fate to die, if just to steal a few extra hours. Each day, until his last, the determination Johnny had to get well, live a normal life, and even maintain his schoolwork was phenominal. After being away from school for sixteen months, being tested constantly by doctors, and having a rapidly deteriorationg brain, Johnny still managed to graduate with his class and be accepted into Harvard. Throughout his illness, Johnny always had an unwavering will to survive, to awake the next morning and find that he was well, that he had only been dreaming the nightmare of his illness. When Johnny awoke each morning however, he felt ... Free Essays on Death Be Not Proud Free Essays on Death Be Not Proud The novel, Death Be Not Proud, by John Gunther, is the story of the struggle of a child to stay alive. Johnny Gunther Jr.'s constant hope got him out of bed every morning with a positive attitude. His outright opposition to the fact that he was going to die and his determination not to, kept a fiery spirit in him so that he didn't give up. Johnny's stubborn determination to not accept defeat at so early an age, along with the tremendous courage he showed when realizing that he must accept his defeat, is a strong point portrayed in this novel. Johnny's hope, determination, and courage kept his death at bay. One of the main reasons that Johnny remained alive for so much longer than he should have lived, was the hope that he possessed. He hoped every day of his illness that he would get better, that his parents would be spared their grief, or that some doctor would come up with a revolutionary idea that would heal him. Because of his hope, Johnny never complained or protested during the entire course of his illness. He always obeyed the doctors' wishes and followed their instructions to a "T" because he wanted so desparatly to get well. Although he realized that eventually his life would end, he still never gave up the hope that perhaps he could outsmart his fate to die, if just to steal a few extra hours. Each day, until his last, the determination Johnny had to get well, live a normal life, and even maintain his schoolwork was phenominal. After being away from school for sixteen months, being tested constantly by doctors, and having a rapidly deteriorationg brain, Johnny still managed to graduate with his class and be accepted into Harvard. Throughout his illness, Johnny always had an unwavering will to survive, to awake the next morning and find that he was well, that he had only been dreaming the nightmare of his illness. When Johnny awoke each morning however, he felt ...

Sample Letter of Recommendation for an MBA Applicant

Sample Letter of Recommendation for an MBA Applicant MBA applicants need to present at least one recommendation letter to admissions committees, and most schools ask for two or three.  Letters of recommendation are typically used to support or strengthen other aspects of the MBA application.  For example, some applicants use recommendation letters to highlight their academic record or professional accomplishments, while others prefer to highlight  leadership or management experience. Choosing a Letter Writer When choosing someone to write your recommendation, it is very important  to select someone who is familiar with you and your accomplishments. Many MBA applicants choose an employer or direct supervisor who can discuss their work ethic, leadership experience, or professional achievements. A letter writer who has seen you manage employees or overcome obstacles is also a good choice. Another option is a professor or a fellow student from your undergraduate days. Some applicants also choose someone who supervised their volunteer or community work. Sample MBA Recommendation Below is a sample recommendation for an MBA applicant. This letter was written by a supervisor for her direct assistant.  The letter highlights the students strong work performance and leadership ability. These traits are important for MBA applicants, who must be able to perform under pressure, work hard, and lead discussions, groups, and projects while enrolled in their program. The claims made in the letter are supported by  very specific  examples, which help reinforce the points the letter writer is trying to make. Finally, the recommender outlines the ways in which the subject could contribute to an MBA program. To Whom It May Concern: I would like to recommend Becky James for your MBA program. Becky has worked as my assistant for the last three years. During that time, she has been moving toward her goal of enrolling in an MBA program by building her interpersonal skills, honing her leadership ability, and gaining hands-on experience in operations management. As Beckys direct supervisor, I have seen her demonstrate strong critical thinking skills and  the leadership capabilities necessary for success in the management field. She has helped our company achieve many goals through her valuable input as well as a  persistent dedication to our organizational strategy. For example, just this year Becky helped to analyze our production schedule and suggested an effective plan to manage bottlenecks in our production process. Her contributions helped us achieve our goal of minimizing scheduled and unscheduled downtime.   Becky may be my assistant, but she has risen to an unofficial leadership role. When team members in our department arent sure what to do in a given situation, they often turn to Becky for her thoughtful advice and support on various projects. Becky never fails to assist them. She is kind, humble, and seems very comfortable in a leadership role. Several of her fellow employees have come into my office and expressed unsolicited compliments in regards to Beckys personality and performance. I believe that Becky will be able to contribute to your program in a number of ways. Not only is she well-versed in the field of operations management, she also has a contagious enthusiasm that encourages those around her to work harder and achieve solutions for both personal and professional problems. She knows how to work well as part of a team and is able to model appropriate communication skills in almost any given situation. For these reasons  I highly recommend Becky James as a candidate for your MBA program. If you have any questions regarding Becky  or this recommendation, please contact me. Sincerely, Allen Barry, Operations Manager, Tri-State Widget Productions

Ethics in Organization class, Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Organization class, - Term Paper Example Every minute was impactful and helped us connect with the real life situations that confront us every day. Thank you very much Dave. What an orderly lecture! The sequential presentation of the ten key points left a lasting impression on not only me but also my friends. On behalf of them and on my own behalf, I really want to express my deep and sincere appreciation for the life touching lecture. The creativity adopted in presentation stirred our thoughts to think beyond the ordinary. Indeed, thank you. It remains that the only thank you that we can effectively give is by conforming and transforming to fit into the teachings you presented to us. The emphasis on the thoughts for future was impressive and created a lasting mental image, it is the high time for me to begin setting the kind of goals you mentioned, having the attitude and above all remaining positive while conducting time to time personal evaluation. I really regard the tone of presentation since its input was evident; you are surely a blessing to us. Two things struck me and kept me thinking. You clearly mentioned about the need and essence for mentorship, having none myself was a point of thought and evaluation. Another thing is concerning the need to be part of the community. I clearly remember your words as if it had happened a few minutes ago, the community is very essential to us. The words expressed here are not enough but the commitment to do my best to impart my society in one way or the other will present a bigger thank you. We are truly appreciative of the fact that you kept out of your busy schedule to find time to be with us. What a joy to have heard from you. The sacrifice meant much to us, I am not sure whether we could be having the same mindset that we have today. We long for another

How the religion help maya to fight for gender equality in society in Essay

How the religion help maya to fight for gender equality in society in america - Essay Example It must contribute to love and understanding amongst the humankind and between different races. Religious teachings made her appreciate the beauty and goodness of things. She shaped into an idealistic individual, happy always, notwithstanding the adverse circumstances the black community was placed in. She took it as a challenge. Maya belonged to the black race and the appearance of members of the black race, was not good. On these counts, they were always subject to prejudice. To overcome this problem Maya built her self-esteem and religious teachings were a great solace to her in situations over she had no control. But she challenged the vicissitudes of life ably. She had to endure the worst experience a young girl can think of—being raped! Though this incident put a lot of limitations on her behavior, religion provided her the strength to endure the ultimate humiliation. How religion has indirect influences, on the psyche of the black people? Black people feel better about their inferiority and think that it is the God-given gift to them. They conclude that they are more loved by God. How they challenge their difficulties that try to corner them from all ends! This self-righteousness based on the foundation of religious principles provided lots of internal strength to Maya. The portrayal of her life has been hailed as the biblical study in life in the midst of death. Notwithstanding her dastardly experience of rape, she maintained a luminous dignity about her life and such poise is possible for in individual with strong religious/spiritual beliefs. She has a comprehensive sense of life, again a quality of a doted and spiritual human being. The theme of the book is the quest for the black child seeking love by the adult, which normally are the parents. But destiny denied that part of love to Maya, being separated from her parents. The

Comparative Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Summary - Essay Example It is against this backdrop that three major financial environments namely the profit making environment, not-for-profit environment and government environments have been identified in this study for critical scrutiny on how differences in financial management in each of the environments can be well harnessed to ensure that the collective goal of achieving universal quality healthcare can be achieved. Profits Making Financial Environment Healthsouth is the identified entity under the profits financial environment. Generally, the financial structure of the profits financial environment can be described as one that is influenced by the activities of shareholders. This is to say that these entities have financial bottom lines that address the profit gaining needs of their shareholders (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). To this end, they are structured such that there is several profit making avenues on the services and products that are offered. As much as possible also, there exist extern al investments models made with the contributions of shareholders so as to maximize the earnings from the health facility. Some of the policies that are unique to the profit making environment include the fact that annual profits are shared among shareholders instead of reinvesting the entire amount of profit made. This is because shareholders come on board as investors who expect positive financial returns at the end of each fiscal year. In the same manner that profits are shared, there exists a peculiar provision whereby losses are also shared among the shareholders. In the event of recording a loss at the end of the fiscal year, shareholders will be expected to make financial provisions for the proceeding budget (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). Because losses are shared by shareholders as much as profits, there are always efforts that ensure that all lope holes to financial malfeasance of any kind are blocked. This is indeed one of the most outstanding financial management practic es prevalent in the profit financial environment. With the Healthsouth as a case study, it would be observed that the entity employs the services of financial experts such as accountants, bursars and auditors whose duties are not incorporated into the larger healthcare delivery services of the entity (Experience Healthsouth, 2010). Despite the numerous efforts that are made to ensure financial management practices at Healthsouth, it would still be realized that the facility faces several challenges. The major reason that can be ascribed to the existence of these financial management challenges is because the facility is a healthcare facility. Generally, it is debated because the services of financial experts are not directly linked to the health provision services of the healthcare facilities; there exist apathy on the part of healthcare administrators to closely monitor the activities of the said financial management experts (Wolinsky, 2005). Not-for-Profit Environment Carolinas He althcare Systems is the selected entity under the not-for-profit financial environment. Among the features of the facility that makes it stand out and worth discussing is the fact that the facility focuses its services to not just short term care but lifetime medical care to patients. The facility therefore serves as lifetime medical home to patients (Carolinas Medical Center,

Religion and Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religion and Theology - Essay Example Sufism has a various significance or importance, and they encompass helping to mold big parts of the Muslim society. Sufism pursuits for an unswerving supernatural understanding of God and of his love; its objective is to develop away from plain logical understanding to a supernatural encounter that would immerse man in the immensity of God. Sufism had an essential part in the creation of Muslim communities as it cultivated the multitudes and fulfilled their felt necessities, providing the spiritual significance to their lives and guided feelings. Sufis are vital teachers who transform new constituencies to Islam. Mysticism is an encounter of the straight closeness with Divinity. Mysticism is attractive because it includes the exercise of meditation both in the logical wisdom of the review of reality and in the paranormal sense of having understanding of God through a life of prayer. It is initially practical and not theoretical, where it engages the whole self. It is, thus, true to say that, mysticism is found in all the key religious traditions with the common presumption that all mystical encounters are similar and cannot be illustrated. #2) my answer is; The five pillars of Islam bid an agreement of training in the middle of the civilization`s rich collection. The pillars comprise the affirmation of faith, and according to this pillar, a Muslim is any person who witnesses that there is only one God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God. By declaring this plain statement, which is recognized as the shahadah, a person becomes a Muslim. The initial portion of the shahadah confirms the monotheism of Islam as an inflexible faith in the unity of God, while another pillar involves the prayer, which encourages the Muslims all over the world to adore God (Esposito, Fasching& Lewis, 2012). They are supposed to pray five times a day including daybreak, at noontime, midafternoon, sunset, and in the evening. Prayer is led by a pattern of washings to cleanse the body and to signify the cleanliness of mind and body needed to worshipping God. The next pillar is the almsgiving pillar; this pillar emphasizes that Muslims have the responsibility to attend to the social welfare of their society by remedying differences together with sharing correspondingly all their roles to worship God. This is done together with the yearly contribution of two point five percent of a person`s accumulated richness and assets. The forth pillar is the fasting of Ramadan, where Muslims are supposed to fast during the ninth month of Islam’s lunar datebook. This done by all vigorous Muslims who refrain from having meals, drinks, and sex from morning to evening. The main aim of this period is to encourage self-control, meditation as well as the enactment of great works; this period is ended by a great feast marked as the holy day in the calendar of Muslims. The journey of Mecca is the fifth and the last pillar, which comes after Ramadan; this pillar inspires all Muslims who are economically and substantially able to carry out the trip to Mecca one time in their generation. This journey unites the Islamic society, as it is the spiritual center. #3) my answer is; According to research, both Sunni and Shiite Muslims share the greatest vital Islamic principles and apprenticeships of faith. The variances amid these two main subdivisions within Islamic are primarily not from spiritual variances, but political differences; nevertheless, the political variances have resulted into a number of changing activities and points that have come to carry a divine importance. The separation among Sunni and Shiite formerly began after the expiry of the prophet Muhammad, and

Critically assess the attractions of commodities as an asset class Essay

Critically assess the attractions of commodities as an asset class over the short and long-term - Essay Example The ever-expanding list now also includes products such as financial instruments and stock indexes that trade on a commodity exchange. Commodities can be considered to be an asset class in their own right and long-term investments in the same have resulted in equity-like returns to investors. An investment can generally be considered a separate asset class when its returns are independent of other asset classes; its returns are both positive and significantly different from cash; its return cannot be replicated with a combination of other asset classes. Commodities have all these characteristics and therefore provide considerable investment portfolio diversification opportunities. It provides return and risk opportunities beyond that of simple inflation hedging and has sources of risk and return that are significantly different from and independent of traditional assets such as stocks and bonds. Moreover, its advantage lies primarily in that its risk and return trade-offs cannot be easily replicated through other investment alternatives. Thus commodity investment has enormous growth potential and poses some unique attraction for investors who understand its unique characteristics, benefits and challenges. For instance, commodities generally outperform other asset classes in an expansionary phase and deliver extra-ordinary returns within short periods. Like property, commodities offer low to negative correlation with equities and bonds and fixed income instruments and, therefore, provide a natural balancing and sobering effect on the portfolio. A correlation coefficient is a number between -1 and 1 that measures the degree to which two variables are linearly related. A positive correlative coefficient means that the two variables are directly related, i.e. the value of one will increase or decrease along with the increase or decrease in the other. A negative correlation means that the variables are inversely related and when one

Health Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Health Economics - Essay Example However, as an industrial segment, this submarket appears to be shrinking the countries like the United States. Hence, increased competition appears to be the major problem of this submarket. Even some professional websites such as CompleteLongTermCare.com (2012) do not consider the present situation has arisen due to increased competition. Rather, shrinking submarket is giving way to malpractices. According to Yahoo! Inc. (2012), the long term care facilities have a composite value of 1148.9 as of 7th November, 2012. On this specific day, the amount of change was -0.26%, which means that the submarket is shrinking. If the data of past few years are analyzed, then we find that this submarket is shrinking since the global economic recession. Reduction of service costs coupled with deterioration of service quality is a prominent problem given that in absence of competent healthcare services, public are suffering from chronic shortcomings to the system as a whole. â€Å"There are nursing homes that are surprisingly cheaper than the others. They even offer great deals and promos which can sound too good to be true. No matter how good their deals may be, always remember that they are cheap for a reason. Some nursing homes cost less because they offer less.† (CompleteLongTermCare.com, 2012) Furthermore, a recent study by the US Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.) indicates that at least 10% of the patients (who get admitted to a nursing home annually) are possibly going to stay there for at least the next five years and more. Like Europe, America may also be soon suffering from the problem of a vast population of senior citizens and old age groups. Strangely enough, although demands for TLC are thus poised to increase, quality of services are being preponderantly compromised (Saltman et al, 2006) The proposals enumerated above will

Religion and Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religion and Theology - Essay Example Sufism has a various significance or importance, and they encompass helping to mold big parts of the Muslim society. Sufism pursuits for an unswerving supernatural understanding of God and of his love; its objective is to develop away from plain logical understanding to a supernatural encounter that would immerse man in the immensity of God. Sufism had an essential part in the creation of Muslim communities as it cultivated the multitudes and fulfilled their felt necessities, providing the spiritual significance to their lives and guided feelings. Sufis are vital teachers who transform new constituencies to Islam. Mysticism is an encounter of the straight closeness with Divinity. Mysticism is attractive because it includes the exercise of meditation both in the logical wisdom of the review of reality and in the paranormal sense of having understanding of God through a life of prayer. It is initially practical and not theoretical, where it engages the whole self. It is, thus, true to say that, mysticism is found in all the key religious traditions with the common presumption that all mystical encounters are similar and cannot be illustrated. #2) my answer is; The five pillars of Islam bid an agreement of training in the middle of the civilization`s rich collection. The pillars comprise the affirmation of faith, and according to this pillar, a Muslim is any person who witnesses that there is only one God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God. By declaring this plain statement, which is recognized as the shahadah, a person becomes a Muslim. The initial portion of the shahadah confirms the monotheism of Islam as an inflexible faith in the unity of God, while another pillar involves the prayer, which encourages the Muslims all over the world to adore God (Esposito, Fasching& Lewis, 2012). They are supposed to pray five times a day including daybreak, at noontime, midafternoon, sunset, and in the evening. Prayer is led by a pattern of washings to cleanse the body and to signify the cleanliness of mind and body needed to worshipping God. The next pillar is the almsgiving pillar; this pillar emphasizes that Muslims have the responsibility to attend to the social welfare of their society by remedying differences together with sharing correspondingly all their roles to worship God. This is done together with the yearly contribution of two point five percent of a person`s accumulated richness and assets. The forth pillar is the fasting of Ramadan, where Muslims are supposed to fast during the ninth month of Islam’s lunar datebook. This done by all vigorous Muslims who refrain from having meals, drinks, and sex from morning to evening. The main aim of this period is to encourage self-control, meditation as well as the enactment of great works; this period is ended by a great feast marked as the holy day in the calendar of Muslims. The journey of Mecca is the fifth and the last pillar, which comes after Ramadan; this pillar inspires all Muslims who are economically and substantially able to carry out the trip to Mecca one time in their generation. This journey unites the Islamic society, as it is the spiritual center. #3) my answer is; According to research, both Sunni and Shiite Muslims share the greatest vital Islamic principles and apprenticeships of faith. The variances amid these two main subdivisions within Islamic are primarily not from spiritual variances, but political differences; nevertheless, the political variances have resulted into a number of changing activities and points that have come to carry a divine importance. The separation among Sunni and Shiite formerly began after the expiry of the prophet Muhammad, and

Health Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Health Economics - Essay Example However, as an industrial segment, this submarket appears to be shrinking the countries like the United States. Hence, increased competition appears to be the major problem of this submarket. Even some professional websites such as CompleteLongTermCare.com (2012) do not consider the present situation has arisen due to increased competition. Rather, shrinking submarket is giving way to malpractices. According to Yahoo! Inc. (2012), the long term care facilities have a composite value of 1148.9 as of 7th November, 2012. On this specific day, the amount of change was -0.26%, which means that the submarket is shrinking. If the data of past few years are analyzed, then we find that this submarket is shrinking since the global economic recession. Reduction of service costs coupled with deterioration of service quality is a prominent problem given that in absence of competent healthcare services, public are suffering from chronic shortcomings to the system as a whole. â€Å"There are nursing homes that are surprisingly cheaper than the others. They even offer great deals and promos which can sound too good to be true. No matter how good their deals may be, always remember that they are cheap for a reason. Some nursing homes cost less because they offer less.† (CompleteLongTermCare.com, 2012) Furthermore, a recent study by the US Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.) indicates that at least 10% of the patients (who get admitted to a nursing home annually) are possibly going to stay there for at least the next five years and more. Like Europe, America may also be soon suffering from the problem of a vast population of senior citizens and old age groups. Strangely enough, although demands for TLC are thus poised to increase, quality of services are being preponderantly compromised (Saltman et al, 2006) The proposals enumerated above will

Knowledge, Attitude and Breast Cancer Screening Practices in Ghana Essay Example for Free

Knowledge, Attitude and Breast Cancer Screening Practices in Ghana Essay INTRODUCTION   Ã‚   Breast cancer in its simplest definition is the cancer of breast tissue. It is the most common nonskin cancer that affects women in the United States and the highest fatality rates of cancer deaths among women in low-resource countries (Anderson et al 2006). Severity of breast cancer differs based on its level of tissue invasion. Ductal carcinoma in situ is the most common noninvasive breast cancer while infiltrating or invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common breast cancer that accounts for about 80% of invasive breast cancer. Breast lumps presentation is the commonest form of presentation regardless of the breast cancer type (ACS 2005). Epidemiologic factors are attributed to dietary and environmental risk factors, although association of diet and breast cancer had varied results. Environmental risk factors involve the exposure to several toxic elements which accounts for the increased incidence of breast cancer in Western countries. Alcohol intake is also considered to effect in the increase of the number of cases in the US population. Age is also considered as cancer risk factor and can be attributed to hormonal change. Genetic variation and ethnicity are not out of scope for the investigation of breast cancer risk factors (Barton 2005). Diagnosis and Pathology of Breast Cancer: In 2002, Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) together with panel of breast cancer experts and patient advocates develop a consensus of recommendations for the diagnosis of breast cancer in limited-resource countries (Shyyan 2006). Histopathologic diagnosis included fine-needle aspiration biopsy which was recognized as the least expensive, core needle biopsy and surgical biopsy and had a consensus of choosing the method based on the availability of tools and expertise. They gave emphasis on the correlation of histopathology, clinical and imaging findings. They agreed on the need of histopathologic diagnosis before breast cancer treatment. In 2005, BHGI panel recommended an additional strategy of breast cancer management. They stratify diagnostic procedure and histopathology methods into – â€Å"basic, limited, enhanced, and maximal—from lowest to highest resources†. Basic level includes medical history of the patient, clinical breast examination, tissue diagnosis and medical record keeping. Limited level includes the increasing resources that enable diagnostic imaging utilization such as ultrasound with or without mammography, tests that can evaluate metastasis, use of image-guided sampling and hormone receptor sampling. Enhanced level includes diagnostic mammography, bone scanning and an onsite cytologist. Maximal level includes mass screening mammography (Shyyan 2006). Treatment of Breast Cancer: Treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy or combinations of these three treatment modalities. According to American Cancer Society (2005), treatment can be local or systemic. Local treatment of the tumor is done without affecting the rest of the body. Surgery and radiation are examples of this treatment. On the other hand, systemic treatment which includes chemotherapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy, is given into the bloodstream or by mouth to reach the cancer cells that may have spread the beyond the breast.    Radiotherapy is a treatment of breast cancer with high-energy rays to help shrink the cancer cells. It can be given outside of the body (external radiation) or can be placed directly into the tumor as radioactive materials (ACS 2005). It may be given external to the body.   Radiotherapy requires safe and effective application requiring appropriate facilities, staff and equipment. Radiotherapy should be applied without delay, should be accessible to all but without prolongation of the overall treatment time exposure. It is part of an integral part of breast-conserving treatment. It is required in almost all women with the breast cancer, and therefore should be available (Bese 2006).   Ã‚  Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs that are administered through injection in the vein or taken orally as a pill. It may be given before breast cancer surgery to reduce the size of the tumor or may be given after the surgery to reduce the chance of   recurrence (ACS 2005). This treatment is done in cycle the most common of which is 3-6 months. Most common side effects of these drugs usually stop   once the treatment is over such as in hair falling. Some of   drugs used as chemotherapy     are tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil doxorubicin, epirubicin, taxane and aromatase . These are usually prescribed in combination, and treatment is done with adjuvant therapy such as radiotherapy and pre- and post operation ( Eniu 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Surgical management in breast cancer is very common. This is done to remove as much as the cancer as possible and to find out whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Surgery can also restore the appearance of the breast and relieve the symptoms of advanced cancer. ACS (2005) released some of the common surgical procedures in breast cancer. These are lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, simple or total mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy and radical mastectomy. RESULTS    Breast cancer patients in Ghana. The present study which included women with mean age population of 48 years   revealed an almost consistent perception with regards to breast cancer.  Ã‚   They were aware that breast cancer is highly increasing in their place but not informed of the cause of disease. All of the responders were not aware of family breast cancer history except one. Information about breast cancer was acquired through television and radio programs. Only after   consultation with doctors due to lumps or   pains in their breast and some due to liquid coming out of their breast, that they were informed that they have breast cancer. Most of them underwent breast tissue exam for confirmation of the disease. Afterwards, they were advised to undergo surgery with medical treatment. The responders were ignorant of the breast cancer screening and prevention. In fact, out of 10 responders, only 2 (20%) of them were aware of breast self examination and clinical breast examination and admitted that they occasionally practice BSE. None of the responders knew about mammogram except for one (10%) of them who has heard of it but never had tried one. The feeling towards the knowledge of acquiring the disease was also the same; the feeling of being a burden in the family was common. They were afraid to face the reality but have realized that they have to fight the disease through the encouragement and support of family members and   help of medical professionals. The sample population was aware of the herbalist and faith healers but they did not submit themselves into that kind of treatment because herbalist have not   proven cure for breast cancer.   The most common complaint of the responders was the high cost of therapies, hospitalization and doctor fees. The treatment cost ranged to    ¢250,000- ¢24 million except to one of them who received a free treatment for being enrolled to a clinical trial. Sentiments of the participants were the same. Delay of treatment was attributed to their distant place from the health clinics; some facilities like x-ray were not available in the clinics and   high cost of treatment. These people asked for the betterment of breast cancer management through education dissemination to the community by health care providers and a help from the government to provide financial support to those who cannot afford to submit themselves for treatment. Patients in breast cancer clinic. In this part of the study, women with mean age of 42 years who were in breast cancer clinic were included. Most common medical complaint was lump and pain in the breast while others submit themselves for screening because they have just heard it from the radio/TV.   The study revealed that women who were attending the clinic were not actually informed of the cause breast cancer but aware of its increasing rate of mortality. Misconception about the cause of breast cancer such as exposure to coins was not common but did not exclude the form of trauma due to manipulation of the breast. Others correlate breast cancer with smoking and taking alcoholic beverages. They were not aware of their family history of breast cancer.   Information regarding breast cancer was acquired through television and radio programs and others were through their friends and family members. Most of the respondents believed that early detection and prompt treatment of the disease can prevent the unfavorable outcome of breast cancer such as removal of their breast or the worst would be cancer death. Only one out of   10 participants (10%) actually practice breast self examination (BSE). Most of them were informed of BSE but not actually practicing it. They were also aware of healers and herbalist but they did not believe that they can cure breast cancer but did not disagree of the possibility that herbalist and healers could treat other diseases or illnesses like hypertension. The participants suggested that it would be better if the government would provide or establish more health care clinics for breast cancer screening and provide free screening programs especially to those who cannot afford to   pay for high cost of treatment of the disease and for an open-easy access to all especially to those in rural areas. One of the participants suggested   that doctors should study further about the treatment of breast cancer instead of resorting to breast surgery. Healers involved in breast cancer management. Many of the population of Ghana are still patronizing healers and herbalist as a resort   of treatment. Two healers from Ghana were interviewed regarding their management of breast cancer. The healers have been into this practice for about 20-50 years. According to them, breast cancer is very common in Ghana and they are aware of the increasing incidence of   the disease. They described breast cancer as an â€Å"obosam† disease and the other was a supernatural disease. Healers believed that their ability to cure   the disease inherited from their forefathers who taught them how to prepare herbs and provide them with dwarfs. They believed that doctors have no right treatment towards breast cancer because according to them they just remove the breasts of women   and subsequently die. According to the healers they do not promote breast   examinations to their patients because these are useless and cannot stop women from getting the disease. Despite the big machines available in the hospitals, women with breast cancer still die, according to them. Healers charge their patients with as much as  ¢200,000- ¢1( £15-60) million depending on the patients’ condition. The healers admitted that there were cases of recurrence of the disease due to lost to follow up and missed spiritual sessions. Healers do not refer patients to hospitals rather, they encourage hospital doctors to refer their patients to healers because they are more capable of treating breast cancer. Breast cancer consultants.   Medical health professionals play a significant role in the awareness of breast cancer. They have the power to influence their patients toward right management of the disease. In the present study, surgeon/breast cancer consultants were interviewed. Consultants as expected were aware of the increasing incidence of breast cancer but they cannot give an exact figure due to absence of cancer registry in the place however they were able to attend to 200-300 new cases of breast cancer annually with age range starting from 20 years and above. They revealed that women in Ghana associate breast cancer to death because after undergoing breast caner surgery they usually die. People in Ghana link medical intervention and death which made the women in this place afraid of   the disease and lead them to negative attitude towards the disease. Consultants believed that there were several misconceptions about the disease. They were also aware that healers and herbalist delay the   presentation of patients to   hospital which accounted for the late stage of diagnosis. National Screening Program would benefit the people in Ghana for early detection of breast cancer and prompt treatment, however, they did not deny the fact it would be difficult to establish such program due to lack of funds by the government at present time. Consultants were aware of the limited resources of the needed for the implementation of the program. They believe that it is much easier and feasible to educate the women on simple screening methods such as regular breast self examination and encourage practitioners to take advantage of examining the breasts of their patients. There are also NGOs who are engaged in some activities like providing health care assistance. Consultants revealed that they receive referrals from district regions and from private practitioners. All patients with breast cancer are candidates for surgery. There are just some procedures that lead to untoward incident which cause the people to blame the doctors. According to consultants, one big problem that they encounter is the delay of the result of tissue exam from the pathologists which sometimes lead them to acquire the high cost of private laboratory. According to consultants the 5-year survival rate in Ghan is 25% which is disappointing. According to radiology consultant, patients present themselves to treatment once they are already in advanced stage, most at stage 3 and 4. They revealed the common factors that influence the delay of treatment among Ghana women. Most of the patients were scared of the procedure of   breast cancer treatment like in breast surgery which have many social and marriage implications. The high cost of the procedure hinders the patient to go to the doctors. Consultants revealed that surgical procedure may cost    ¢2-3million   ( £ 150-200), radiotherapy is about    ¢3-4 million (  £ 200-300) and chemotherapy is around  ¢6 million ( £400). Although surgical treatment cost is covered in National Health Insurance, the cost of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are excluded. Mammography which is an effective tool in breast cancer screening costs  ¢400,000 ( £30) in private health institution and around  ¢250,000 ( £20). DISCUSSION WITH REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present study aimed to increase the awareness of the women in Ghana to breast cancer and the benefits that can be gained from breast cancer screening. The knowledge, attitude, behavior and practices of the women regarding early detection of breast cancer were analyzed. The ultimate aim of the study was to reduce the mortality rate of   breast cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study revealed that there were still misconceptions about breast cancer despite the information gathered from televisions and radio programs. Attendance of Ghanaian women in breast clinic did not mean that they were informed of the nature of their disease. Only few of them were also aware of preventive procedure in detecting breast cancer. Local healers and spiritualists also delayed the presentation of the patients to the hospital which contributed to the late diagnosis of the disease. Difference in the disease management of health professionals can be attributed to the location of practice and availability of resources. Several factors   thought to affect the breast cancer screening program were the poor education of the Ghanaian towards prevention awareness against breast cancer; lack of initiative of the people to spread the knowledge of   breast cancer screening such as simple breast self examination and clinical breast examination; the inaccessibility of the of primary health care and the organizers; the unavailability of the appropriate screening tools like x-ray and mammography in the community and its high cost   and the lack of support from the government.   The following   review of related literatures will help in the understanding of breast cancer and breast cancer screening. Because of the continuous increasing prevalence of breast cancer and high cost of treatment, breast cancer screening remains the most cost effective way of cancer management (Parkin and Fernandez 2006).   Most of the world faces resource constraints that hinder the capacity to improve early detection, prompt diagnosis and sufficient treatment of the breast cancer. Every country finds its way to develop evidenced based, economically feasible and culturally appropriate guidelines that can be utilized by countries of limited health care resources to improve breast cancer outcomes (Anderson 2006). Adaptive strategies should be applied to ease the growing burden of breast cancer. In 2005, according to Smith and his colleagues (2006), the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) held its second summit in Bethesda, MD with the intention of reaffirming the principle of requiring all women of all resource levels to support in seeking health care and assuring the access to affordable and appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment intervention against breast cancer. They recommended breast health awareness to all women including the basic resources. They enhanced the basic facilities for effective training of relevant staff in clinical breast examination (CBE) or breast self examination and even the feasibility of mammography. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging is one of the breast cancer screening procedures. It has been increasingly used as tool for early diagnosis of breast cancer. This screening tool has shown to detect cancers even they are small and potentially proven to be more curable than mammography alone. However, MRI is more costly than mammography and can lead to unnecessary breast biopsies, thus causing anxiety and discomfort to patient. On the other hand, a research study about the cost-effectiveness of breast MRI screening by cancer risk where they included the cancer detection ability of MRI, characteristics of women with dense breast tissue and women with high inherited breast cancer risk, revealed mortality reduction and cost effectiveness of breast MRI screening added to mammography in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers (Kurian 2006).    The hallmark of morality and morbidity of breast cancer can be attributed to the late presentation of the patients at an advanced stage of breast cancer. It is when there is no or little benefit that can be derived from any treatment modality. In a study conducted by Okobia and colleagues (2006), the knowledge, attitude and practice of community dwellers of Nigeria towards breast cancer were analyzed. They recruited urban-dwelling women with conducted an interviewer-administered questionnaires to elicit sociodemographic information regarding knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast cancer. It was found out that the participants had poor knowledge of breast cancer. Only 214 out of 1000 participants knew that breast cancer is presented initially with breast lumps. Breast cancer examination practices were low. Only 432 participants were able carry out breast self examination while only 91 participants had clinical breast examination. This study revealed that participants with higher level of education were significantly more knowledgeable about breast cancer. Ethnicity or race-related culture and beliefs are factors that affect the increase in prevalence of breast cancer mortality. Paterniti (2006) investigated how ethnically diverse women who are eligible for tamoxifen prophylaxis because of their breast cancer risk decide about tamoxifen use for risk reduction. Prior to the study, there was discussion of the benefits and risks of tamoxifen as prophylaxis. The study which included African-American, White, and Latina women, of 61–78 years, revealed that fear of breast cancer was not prominent and they were not inclined to take tamoxifen as preventive therapy after receiving the information. Participants showed limited unwillingness to take the medication with potential adverse effects. This study revealed that women felt that they had other options other than taking the risk of tamoxifen to reduce their risk of breast cancer, including early detection, diet, faith and other alternative therapies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Graham (2002) conducted a research about   the relationship between beliefs and practice of breast self examination (BSE in a black women population of 20-49 years of age. It was found out that health beliefs were much stronger in determining BSE performance for a given individual than were demographic characteristics. Breast self examination was related to increased perceived seriousness of breast cancer, benefit of the procedure and health motivation and was noted to have inverse relationship with perceived barriers. A related study was reported by Mitchell and colleagues (2002), about the effects of religious beliefs with other variables on breast cancer screening and the intended presentation of self-discovered breast lump. This study included women aging 40 years and above and were interviewed in their homes. Most of the interviewees believed that doctors cure breast cancer with God’s intervention which was labeled as â€Å"religious intervention with treatment†. This dimension was found out to be correlated with self-reported mammography but no clinical breast examination or intention to delay presentation of self-discovered breast lump. Minority of them believed treatment of breast cancer was unnecessary because only God could cure the disease which was labeled as â€Å"religious intervention in place of treatment†, and was significantly more common among African-American women who   are less educated and older. This was correlated with the strong intention of delaying the presentation of self-discovered breast lump. It was concluded that   religious intervention in place of treatment contributes significantly the delay presentation of breast cancer among African-American that contribute largely to the advanced-stage cancer diagnosis. The cause of breast cancer is still unclear. Adjei (2006) who grew up in Ghan and had some work about breast cancer. In his letter, he revealed his sentiments about the genetic differences in breast cancer. He had been aware of the incidence of breast cancer in Ghana since 1974 to 1999. He noted that the peak incidence of breast cancer in Ghana is in younger women with age range of 40-45 years while in United States and Caucasians, the peak incidence is in older age groups. Adjei (2006) pointed out that women of different places and environments, with different diets have similar epidemiology of breast cancer. In an argument which revealed number of breast cancer in African-Americans but rare in native African has been used to suggest that ethnicity is one factor of acquiring the disease, however, according to Adjei (2006), this information is leading because cancer has not been well-studied in Africa. Researchers are still finding their ways to fully disclose the correlation of genetic signature in breast tumors that are presently noted   to be a powerful predictor of cancer spread and cancer death. In a limited study conducted by Kolata (2002), she included few patients who are relatively. As she stated in her report, scientists said that the activity of a collection of 70 genes appear to predict cancer mortality   better than traditional measures like tumor size, cancer stage or lymph node spread to the axilla of women. She revealed in her study that 5.5% of women with good genetic signature died within the next decade while 45% of women are those of with bad genetic signatures. Adherence to the treatment regimen of breast cancer plays a big role in the improvement of disease outcome. There are no much literature about the factors associated to the behavior that influence the patient to delay or cause an incomplete adherence to the recommended follow up in patients with breast cancer. In a study conducted by Kaplan (2006), race/ethnicity, country of birth, financial issues fear of pain and difficulty of communicating with the healthcare providers are the barriers to seek follow up consultation Breast Cancer Screening: There was decline in breast cancer mortality rate of 0.9% in African American women while 2.1% was the decline in breast cancer mortality rate in non-Hispanic White women (Stewart et al 2004 as stated by Settersten , Dopp, and Tjoe, (2005).    On the contrary, De Koning (2000), questioned in his study the cost effectiveness of breast cancer screening. His idea came out when he analyzed his expectations of the reduction of breast cancer mortality after breast cancer screening. He stated in his study that the Dutch program of 2-yearly screening for women aged 50-70 would produce a 16% reduction in the total population. As stated in his research paper, the actual benefit that can be achieved from breast cancer screening programs is overstated. According to him breast cancer screening need to be carefully balanced against the burden to women and health care system. De Koning (2000) stated that â€Å"effects of breast cancer screening program depend on many factors such as epidemiology of the disease, the health care system, costs of health care, quality of the screening program and the attendance rate†. Groot, M. T. et al (2006) estimated the costs and health effects of breast cancer interventions in epidemiologically different regions of Africa, North America and Asia. They developed a mathematical simulation model of breast cancer using the different stages of cancer, its distribution and case fatality rates in the absence and presence of treatment as predictors of survival. The study resulted to a conclusion that untreated patients were the most sensitive to case fatality rates. This study suggest that treating breast cancer at stage 1 and introduction of an extensive breast cancer program are the most cost effective breast cancer interventions.   Ã‚   This study is supported by the research done by Aylin and colleagues (2005). They recruited women at the mammography clinic to evaluate the knowledge about breast cancer and mammography as breast cancer screening procedure. The striking result of this study is that most of the participants (95.3% of the total participants) were aware that women should have mammography screening periodically. They were informed of the fact that breast cancer screening such as mammography could help in the early detection of breast cancer. However, less than 50% of them admitted that they had never had mammography screening. Majority of the respondents (71.1%) were practicing breast self-examination. Another related study was conducted by Dundar and colleagues (2006), since breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Turkey , they determined the t the knowledge and attitudes of women in a rural area in western Turkey about breast self examination and mammography. They recruited women with age ranging from 20-64 years. Although majority of the participants have heard or read about breast cancer only 56.1% of them had sufficient knowledge about breast cancer and some admitted that they acquired the information from their health care professionals. Those with information of beast cancer were also those who practice breast self examination. This study revealed that health care professionals play a big role in information dissemination about breast cancer. Table 1. Recommendations for routine mammographic screening in North American women aged 40 years or older who are at average risk for breast cancer* Group (date of recommendations) Frequency of screening (yr) Included ages (yr) 40-49 50-69 70 Government-sponsored and private groups US Preventive Services Task Force (2002)** 1-2 Yes Yes Yes*** Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (1998, 1999, 2001) 1-2 No Yes No National Institutes of Health consensus conference (1997) No+ American Cancer Society (1997) 1 Yes Yes Yes National Cancer Institute (2002) 1-2 Yes Yes Yes Medical societies American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2000) 1-2 if aged 40-49 yr 1 if aged 50 yr Yes Yes Yes American Medical Association (1999) 1 Yes Yes Yes American College of Radiology (1998) 1 Yes Yes Yes American College of Preventive Medicine (1996) 1-2 No|| Yes Yes American Academy of Family Physicians (2001) 1-2 No+|| Yes No American Geriatrics Society (1999) 1-2 Yes*** Advocacy groups National Breast Cancer Coalition (2000) No + No National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations (2002) 1 Yes Yes Yes Susan B. Komen Foundation (2002) 1 Yes Yes Yes The above table   was taken from the study conducted by Barton (2005) There are several ways presented and studied for breast cancer screening. Its concern is to reduce the prevalence of cancer mortality and to improve the quality of life as a result of early detection, however, there are still people that are not aware of breast cancer screening In response to increase the worldwide awareness of breast cancer, breast cancer advocacy movement has been analyzing the common experiences of women with breast cancer around the world especially those with limited resources. They found out that although there are language barriers, sentiments were consistent across cultures; cancer survivors have the same experiences and fears. The beliefs and taboos about breast cancer hinder the awareness programs and treatment. There are also limited resources for public education and awareness. Difficulty in understanding and translating the concept of the disease into English also hinders them in the public awareness of breast cancer (Errico and Rowden 2006). In accordance with this, sociological review of the barriers experienced by the women from different traditional cultures is essential not just to understand patterns of late breast cancer diagnosis but also the importance of interventions and programs. This is necessary for them to understand the preventive health care, specifically in breast cancer. This is because many are still ignorant of the breast cancer. According to Remennick (2006), health care providers and policymakers should try to understand and influence women especially those who are cancer risk to be aware of the disease to detect and treat breast cancer early. There are many structural barriers that hinder women especially those living in rural areas. Socioeconomic factors include poor health insurance, distance to medical facilities and inability to take time off work. Organizational barriers include difficulty in navigating complex health care systems and interacting with medical staff. Psychological and sociocultural barriers are poor health motivation, denial of personal risk, fatalism mistrust of cancer treatments and fear of becoming a burden on the family members. Still in other cultural behavior, especially in Muslims, women are strongly controlled by men and therefore may prohibit women in breast cancer screening. Remennick (2006) includes in his study the different approaches that lower the mentioned barriers, including implementation of uplifting the educational programs that would enlighten people regarding cancer myths and fallacies. He suggests that health care professional must outreach to their co ethnics. Primary health care providers play a critical role in   determining the compliance with treatment and preventive practices through direct recommendations to their patients. Family physicians and general internists showed that 70% of women who received a provider referral completed a screening mammography within one year versus only 18% of self-referred women (Grady   et al 1997 as stated by Santora 2003). However, Over 90% of rural women report that a doctors recommendation to have breast cancer screening is important† (Sparks et al 1996 as stated by Santora 2003). It should be noted that clinician compliance is contributed by several factors such as relation with provider, guideline of the treatment, patient’s behavior and environmental factors. Several studies have been conducted to report the   differences of health services in rural, urban and suburban areas with regards to their   health care services in the family practice clinics. It has been pointed out that lower utilization has been a significant factor. Those rural health practitioners have less access to health care services.   In a study done by   Pol and his colleagues (2001), suggested that rural health services do not lag for patients with access after revealing that 9 out of 16 services examined were as high or higher in rural areas. Another   study to examine the variations in breast cancer screening among primary care clinicians by geographic location of   clinical practice was done by Santora (2003). Physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants were included in the study and were classified into urban, rural and suburban categories based upon practice location. The study revealed that although there was no significant difference in the practice location, there was evident variation in the practice of   breast screening. It was reported that urban and suburban health practitioners were less compliant with the use of breast cancer guidelines as compared to clinicians in rural areas.   Primary care clinicians, including physicians, nurse practitioners and physician’s assistants lack a consistent. This study revealed   that geographical location is not the main factor of inconsistent medical approach to breast cancer screening. Although the difference in the approaches to the procedure is uncertain in this study. A related study about General Practitioners’ (GP’s) knowledge, beliefs and attitudes toward breast screening, and their association with practice based-organizations of breast cancer screening, was conducted by Bekker, Morrisona and Marteau (1999). This study revealed that women’s attendance for breast cancer screening may be increased due to raising GP’s perceptions of the   threat of breast cancer. 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S. and Gupta, R. 2003, â€Å"Predictors of Screening for Breast and Colorectal Cancer among Middle-aged Women†, Family Medicine Journal, vol 35 no 5, pp. 349-354 †Weight Gain a Big Factor in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer†, 2006, Journal of the American Medical Association, Available at http://www.aphroditewomenshealth.com/news/20060612001144_health_news.shtml Yip, C. H. et al, 2006, â€Å"BREAST HEALTH GLOBAL INITIATIVE: Breast Cancer in Limited-Resource Countries: Health Care Systems and Public Policy†, The Breast Journal, vol 12 no. 1, pp. S54–S69.