Social Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Social Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Entrepreneurs are individuals who facilitate the organization to grow and support the activities of the organization by enabling access to required resources and planning of production and marketing activities. However, bbusinesses should not overlook their moral and social obligations to the community in which they operate and serve. Government policies and regulations should be directed towards social benefits that prevent misuse of power and wealth, promotes effective resource allocation, and is instrumental in reducing the rich-poor divide. The concept of social entrepreneurship is based on the practice of organizations that exist for facilitating society and community benefits. The primary difference between business entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs lie in the fact that the former is always seeking profits while the latter is driven by the urge to improve the society in which they live. The paper discusses various concepts and theories related to social entrepreneurship an d its impact on the business environment. The paper also highlights the different perception of the concept in UK and US and its implications. A social enterprise as opposed to business enterprises focuses on reinvesting the earnings for the welfare objectives instead of maximising profits for shareholders and owners. This kind of enterprise is run as non-profit organizations or associations that work for the benefit of the society and are driven by social or environmental objectives. These types of enterprises work in a similar fashion as other profit generating business organization but the earnings of a social enterprise are re-invested into the business for achieving the enterprise objectives. The focus of these enterprises remains on the community for which they exist and work towards the pre-defined social objectives or mission of the enterprise. A marked difference between a social entrepreneur and a

Monarch Butterfly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Monarch Butterfly - Research Paper Example Butterflies and moths belong to the order, Lepidoptera (Capinera, 628). The special characteristics of this order are the presence of a â€Å"complete, holometabolous life cycle, with separate egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages† (Capinera, 631). And this is why butterflies are classified under this order. A Monarch butterfly has also a similar wing span which comes to â€Å"3.5 to 4 inches† (Garber, 76). Another common feature of the members of Lepidoptera order is that all of them have â€Å"four wings and also scales covering at leats some body parts (Capinera, 631). In Monarch butterflies, the scales are seen â€Å"as a patch near the central veins of the hindwings† (Capinera, 631). There are two subspecies in Monarch butterfly (Oberhauser and Solensky, 1). The species, Danaus plexippus plexippus, is found in â€Å"Southern Canada, the USA, Mexico, most Caribbean Islands, Central America and northern South America† (Oberhauser and Solensky, 1). The sec ond subspecies, Danaus plexippus erippus is seen in â€Å"Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Eastern Brazil† (Oberhauser and Solensky, 1). Monarch butterflies are cold-blooded insects (Learner.org). So they are comfortable in cool climates as in such an atmosphere, they do not need to spend much energy (Learner.org). It can be seen that â€Å"the body of the caterpillar will be covered with nine brown rings aside from black head and it features three pairs of ‘true’ legs with claws attached and five pairs of prolegs that extend backwards† (Monarch-Butterfly.com). To differentiate a female monarch butterfly from a male, one has to look for a simple identification mark -â€Å"the male monarchs have a black spot on each of the hind wings over a vein. The female monarch butterfly does not have this spot† (Monarch-Butterfly.com). In one year, four generations of monarch butterflies complete their life cycle (Monarch-Butterfly.com). Th e life cycle of a monarch butterfly on the other hand includes four stages, namely, the egg, the larvae, the pupa and the butterfly (Monarch-Butterfly.com). The annual life cycle of this majestic insect can be considered to begin in the months of February and March when they mate (Monarch-Butterfly.com). After mating, the butterflies migrate to the Northern and Eastern parts of North America and lay their eggs there in the months of March and April (Monarch-Butterfly.com). It is on the milkweed plant that the Monarch butterflies lay their white eggs (Monarch-Butterfly.com). The eggs will be seen on the undersides of milkweed leaves, usually near the top of the plant. Each female butterfly lay â€Å"several hundred eggs† and the eggs hatch in four days (Monarch-Butterfly.com). There are many invertebrate predators that feed on Monarch eggs and larvae like, red velvet spider mite (Oberhauser and Solensky, 6). The caterpillar is herbivore and feeds only on milkweed leaves for tw o weeks and then attach to a small stem or a leaf of the plant and starts metamorphosing into the pupa stage (Monarch-Butterfly.com). Because of the insistence of the caterpillars on eating only the milkweeds, Monarch butterflies gained another name, the â€Å"milkweed butterfly† (Monarch-Butterfly.com). The caterpillars are only â€Å"about 0.1 inches long† weighing 0.55 grams (Monarch-Butterfly.com). Caterpillars have alternating bands of yellow, white, and black, on their body with a black stripe between pairs of

Critical Incident Essay Example for Free

Critical Incident Essay It was a cold friday afternoon as I sat at the bus stop waiting to get home. I had just got out of an intense Friday lecture from the Northampton local Mosque. The Imam was furious and obviously disgusted at the behavior of our generation. How do we live with ourselves Imam Aseem Ibrahim had said. Most of us have enough to feed ourselves and our family, even buy the latest gadgets just because we can but do we feed the poor? Do we clothed them? He said in anger as he chocked on the words. The lecture kept on playing in my head as I waited for the bus. It made me realize, we could do some good with the money we spend on some unnecessary things especially the ones we buy for ourselves to please others. Earlier, I had planned on buying the new Manchester United away jersey, but with what the Imam said, I dont think I need it anymore. I could use at least half the money to do good for others. Just as I drift on my thoughts, I noticed a fish and chips cart which reminded me of the breakfast and lunch I had missed. I had been staying up late studying that I forgot about a couple of meals. Dont starve yourself in the course of feeding others. The Imam had said while giving his lectures. I starved myself but it wasnt because I was trying to feed anybody, I was just trying to catch up on loss time. I got up and got myself some fish and chips then sat back at the bus stop seats. As soon as I had the first swallow, I realized I could help poor people by feeding them delicious food with a reasonable amount of money. The food was relatively cheap. I smiled and continued to enjoy. Halfway through my meal, I saw a little Indian boy with an elderly woman walking towards my direction. The boy smiled at me so I smiled and offered him my food. The little boy smiled again and shook his head. Are you sure? He shook his head and stopped walking. Alright then. I went on with my meal. A few minutes later, the bus arrived and just as I motioned to get on it, the elderly woman furiously said some words to me in Hindu. I shrugged and got on the bus. When I arrived home, I found my roommate Taneem watching a Hindu movie. I noticed something weird as I watched a little with him. Why is the subtitle saying yes while the woman keeps shaking her head? I asked. Because shaking your head is to Indians as nodding your head is to us. Shes saying yes. Taneem explained. Even though it was minutes after I had left the boy and the woman, I felt so embarrassed at what I did to the boy. My intentions were good, but it looked otherwise.

Bistable Flip-Flop Experiment

Bistable Flip-Flop Experiment Objectives: To study the properties and performance of cross-coupled inverting logic gates. To set up the gates in order to obtain an experience, in the same time able to understand the Bistable Flip-Flop. These circuits have been mostly replaced become a straightforward and effective design. These designs for applications including large dimension digital circuits. Although these circuits have been changed, they still have important use range, and it is necessary to understand their characteristics. This experiment state clearly that digital circuits are still be made from analogue parts. It has analogue functions correlative to current, voltages and time-varying diversification. Materials and Equipment: Built-in socket connector bread board A selection of IC devices Jumper wires and connector leads Digital multimeter with test probes Theory: Flip-Flop A standard Bistable circuit is made by simple combination of NAND gates or NOR gates. Hence, produce the required sequential circuit. Common Sequential Logic circuits: Clock Driven- Synchronized to a clock signal. Event Driven- Asynchronous. Changing state when an external event happens. Pulse Driven- Combination of Synchronous and Asynchronous. SR NAND Flip-Flop This system assembled of two inputs and two outputs. R and S inputs are representing Reset and Set. Q and are represent as outputs of the circuit. Firstly, user need to construct the inputs Set and Reset to a pair of cross coupled 2-input 7400 NAND gates in order to shape into a SR Bistable. Thus, the action of feedback may occur from each output to one of the other inputs. RST Flip-Flop The device connected and synchronized to a clock signal. The outputs are only trigger when Set (S), Reset (R), and Trigger (T) inputs are in logic 1 level. There will we un-trigger when the inputs are in logic 0 level. NAND gate M74HC00 is a high rate CMOS QUAD 2-input NAND gate. Silicon gate C2 MOS technology is applied. The internal circuit is build up by 3 stages including buffer output, which can prevent high noise and produce stable output. Task Discussion: Investigation of a Bistable Flip-Flop Theoretical Details: The consequential circuit has two stable situations, when the direct feedback cross-coupling is implemented among inverting NAND logic gates. Bistable is either of which can be choose by submission of the correct input situation. R and S inputs are representing Reset and Set. Q and are represent as outputs of the circuit. At standard running, both NAND inputs must normally be logic 1 level. The logic level of the Q and outputs will become relative. To stabilizing the two possible states, changing the R input temporarily to logic 0 level, that will create a output with logic 1 level. In the same time, the output output with logic 1 level will be applied to the S input (2nd input), which is logic 1 level. Thus, the Q output will temporarily become a logic 0 level. While both R and S inputs become logic 0 level at the same period, it is forbidden. In this state, both Q and outputs will become logic 1 level. Hence, that will override the load-back motion. The final state of the latch will not be resolved in front of time. One practical unfavorable of the RS Flip-Flop effects from the data that the outputs can change state when either or both of the logic level of inputs is change. Operation is non-simultaneous. Modifying the Bistable Flip-Flop: Creating an RST Flip-Flop Theoretical Details: It is similar in the RS NAND Flip-Flop operation. The R and S inputs are at logic 1 level. The third input (Trigger) has been added. The Q and outputs can only change states while the Trigger input is at logic 1 level. If logic level of Trigger input is 0, the R and S inputs are no effect for the outputs. In a valid operation, the R or S inputs must be logic 1 level, and the Trigger input must be logic 1 level and then logic 0 level. In the end, the selected input must be returned to logic 0 level. Investigation of a NAND gate Theoretical Details: The NAND gate is a digital gate, obtains voltages and currents at its inputs. While connect to the variable voltage supply, these may involve any value in a real circuit. For instance, since during an input changes, the output voltages may takes a non-zero time for the change to occur, so the voltages will not be accurately come up to 5V or 0V all the time. Objective: To concern the transforms and voltage levels of the output of the NAND gate to the states of the inputs. Procedure: Circuit shown in Figure 2.7 is constructed and an external variable voltage from a power supply is used. Any value from 1k? to 10k? can be taken by R1. A fixed digital voltage (0 or 5 volts) is applied to one terminal of a NAND gate. A variable voltage is applied to another terminal. Firstly, the input voltage Vin is varied up to a maximum of +5V and Vin against Vout is plotted. Thus, the logic 1 output voltage (V1) and the logic 0 input voltage (Vgo) are determined. The output unchanging for wide ranges of input voltage is noted. To found the overall behavior, the rough initial experiment is did. More reading is taken. Conclusion: All of the objectives are achieved. In this experiment we understand the theory of Bistable Flip-Flop, Standard SR NAND Flip-Flop and RST Flip-Flop. All of the properties and performance of cross-coupled inverting logic gates have been studied. Experience is obtained during the construction of the gates. In conclusion, at standard running of SR NAND Flip-Flop, both NAND inputs must normally be logic 1 level. Thus, the logic level of the Q and outputs will become relative. While both R and S inputs become logic 0 level at the same period, it is forbidden. In this state, both Q and outputs will become logic 1 level. Hence, that will override the load-back motion. The final state of the latch will not be resolved in front of time. For the operation of RST Flip-Flop, the Q and outputs can only change states while the Trigger input is at logic 1 level. If logic level of Trigger input is 0, the R and S inputs are no effect for the outputs. Hence, to obtain a valid operation the R or S inputs must be logic 1 level, and the Trigger input must be logic 1 level and then logic 0 level. In the end, the selected input must be returned to logic 0 level. References: http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/rs_nand_latch.html http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/clocked_rs_latch.html http://us.st.com/stonline/books/pdf/docs/1879.pdf http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/sequential/seq_1.html

Economics Q & A :: Economics

1) The current recession is the longest since the Great Depression in the 1930's. We are still far from a recovery with unemployment at about 9.7% and weekly new jobless claims at 442,000+. In your view, are we about to grow out of the recession or will it continue? In addition to the unemployment data, support your positions with such economic indicators as: new housing starts, used home sales, GDP growth, etc. The current recession or financial crises began in United States of America and created a domino effect of creating instability in the financial markets the world over; the spark of this recession ignited fire around December 2007. Our current financial crisis is also known as sub-prime mortgage crisis and it occurred because of reckless practices of giving out loans, without backing them with security or collateral. Obviously this credit bubble that had been blown by investment and commercial banks primarily popped when loans started going bad and risky borrowings got exposed. The fall of Lehman Brothers was a major blow as it created a situation of panic. This was also accompanied by a fall in house and share prices. If we look at the latest statistics regarding the overall condition of the economy, there are evident indications of recovery. According to an economic report published in Market Watch (www.marketwatch.com), the US economy has grown at the rate of 5.6% during the last 3 months of 2009. According to the report, during the past year US real GDP had grown by 0.1%. It is said that the increase in this GDP figure should be associated with changes in inventories and not by final sales; in addition, on average the before tax profits have risen by 8% and a modest rise in consumer spending. A rise in business profit also indicates a probable rise in investments and increase in employment in future. Martin Feldstein, the former president and founder of the National Bureau of Economic Research, has predicted that the recession will end in the year 2010. Now coming to some facts, we all know that a rise in spending shows an increase in aggregate demand in an economy signified by a high GDP, this marks the end of recession. The following graph shows the year to year change in new car registration in UK. The graph clearly shows the fall in the % change in registrations in 2008 of around 25% to 35%, especially towards its end.

Investigate the Osmosis in Potato Rods in Various Concentrations of Sal

Investigate the Osmosis in Potato Rods in Various Concentrations of Salt Solutions Introduction: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential. It can be affected by several different variables including concentration of salt solutions. When a plant cell is put in pure water it will become turgid and it will not burst due to the presence of a cell wall and a large permanent vacuole and when it is put in a concentrated solution it will be plasmolysed, on the other hand when an animal cell is put in pure water it will burst due to the absence of the cell wall which is only present in the plant cell and if is plant cell is put in a concentrated solution it will shrink. What is the water potential? The water potential of a solution is a measure of whether it is likely to lose or gain water molecules from another solution. A dilute solution, with its high concentration of water molecules is said to have a higher water potential than a concentrated solution, because water will flow from the dilute solution to the concentrated solution (from a high water potential to a low water potential).: Pure water has the highest water potential because water molecules will flow from it to any other aqueous concentrated solution even if this solution is a highly dilute solution. Variables that affect the osmosis process in the potato rods: ÃÆ'ËÅ" Independent variables: The Difference in concentration of salt solutions: This will affect the osmosis in the plant cell as I will prepare five different concentrations of the salt solutions and they are: 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0and this is how they are prepared: - For preparing the concentration of 0.0 I used pure water. - For preparing the concentration of 0.3: I measured 3 cm3 of the salt solution by using the syringe and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.3, then I measured 7 cm3 of water and poured it into the same test tube. - For preparing the concentration of 0.5: I measured 5 cm3 of the salt solution and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.5, then I measured 5 cm3 of water and poured it into the same test tube. - For preparing the concentration of 0.7: I measured 7 cm3 of the salt solution and poured it into the test tube that is labeled 0.7, then I measured 3 cm3 of water and... ... points on the graphs were plotted as accurately as possible practically. All my results supported my prediction I made and helped me to make a strong trend in the graph. Although, I might have got few anomalous results but that is to be expected, I may be have measured any substance which I am using wrong or not accurately. I repeated the experiment two times to get the accurate average results and to ensure that I had not made any mistakes and so as not to have any anomalous results in my experiment and there wouldn't be any chance for error to occurs. My results seem reliable as I am basing my results' reliability on a hypothesis and my own prediction. I repeated the same experiments using different concentration of the salt solution or change the temperature so as to help the rate of osmosis in the potato rod. Also for more accurate results, I could extend my coursework by testing the same brand of potatoes using different substances. By this I mean using a different thing instead of salt, i.e. sugar or maybe any fruit juice. Then I could find out whether osmosis occurs differently with different things diluted in the water. I could even use different vegetables and fruits.

Milton Friedman’s Influence on Macroeconomics

INTRODUCTION:Milton Friedman was an American economist as well as being a public intellectual. He was born in 1912 and died at the age of 94 in 2006. He was an ardent advocate of economic freedom as well as personal liberty. Before his death Friedman was one of the most influential scholars and figures of authority in the fields of microeconomics, statistics, and economic history as well as the field of macroeconomics, which happens to be the field of study.THESIS STATEMENT:Milton Friedman, although unfortunately bereaved, was one of the most influential economics of all time. Many economists as well as economies big and small have adapted to the teachings of Friedman. Why has this been so? In trying to analyze this paper, I will look at some of the major contributions of Friedman to the field of macroeconomics.ANALYSIS:Macroeconomics is a sub-discipline in the field of economics. It concerns it self with the structure, performance and the behaviors of national economies. It seeks to find out the determinants of the aggregate movements within the economy.Macroeconomics gives specific attention to inflation, unemployment, international trade, investments and the national income.On the other hand, Microeconomics is the branch of economics that concerns itself with the processes that firm's, households and individuals concerns themselves in allocating limited resources. In this sense microeconomics scrutinizes how these decisions affect the demand and supply schedules and helps determine not only the prices but also how these prices influence the supply and demand of goods and services in any given market segment.Macroeconomics is generally divided in to two major areas of study; the business cycle   which concerns itself mainly with the consequences and causes of the of short term fluctuations in national income and the determinants of the long run economic growth (increases in the national income).As thus, the field of macroeconomics is of paramount importance in designing, developing and evaluating strategies and policies not only for governments but also for large corporations like Sony and Toyota.Macroeconomics concerns itself with economic aggregates of the nation’s economic activities. On this field, macroeconomics concerns itself with issues of government actions (spending and taxation), issues of unemployment, inflation as well as general economic policies.CONCERNING FRIEDMAN:Friedman for a long time worked in isolation. Until the late 70s, many scholars especially in the field of economics met Friedman’s work with a lot of hostility.Milton Friedman was an ardent opponent to the Keynesian economics; Milton led the â€Å"Monetarist school† commonly referred to the Chicago School against the Keynesian school of economics.Friedman's contributions include the â€Å"Permanent Income Hypothesis† on consumption (1957), in addition to this there was the formulation of risk-aversion and risk-proclivity (1948); h e was also influential through his evolutionary theory on the theory of the firm,  Ã‚   including his own propositions for a â€Å"positivist† methodology in economics (1953).Friedman was key influential in macroeconomics especially in attacking the Keynesians on their view of the IS-LM analysis. In this attack, Friedman wanted the Keynesians not to ignore money matters in their analysis.  He was critical in pinpointing the importance of a laissez-faire economy, but he still held the proposition that concrete policies need to be operational within the economy for there to be harmony in the economy.In essence, the works and teachings of Friedman came to be an influential part of modern economics especially after the Keynesian analysis failed to offer a solution to the 1970s crisis because of the prevalent cost-push inflation and the inability of Keynesians to offer a solution to the increasing wages and prices.  Friedman scathingly attacked the Keynesians for failing to debate or offer directions on the need for competitive markets, this Friedman said was the reason why there had emerged larger monopolies within the 50s and the 60s which led to the ensuing stagflation.In addition to this, Friedman together with other scholars from the Chicago school provided evidence to prove that within competitive markets the price system could effectively and efficiently to allocate scarce resources. In his own words, Friedman claimed that the price system plays the following roles: firstly, the price system provides incentives for the adoption of the least costly methods of production. The price system also helps in   using available resources for the best use available, in addition the price system is used to transmit information on production, available resources and tastes, on top of this the prices can be used to determine the distribution system â€Å"who gets what when and how†.Friedman was also influential in designing test theories. On this iss ue, Friedman held the opinion that economists should only invoke the predictive ability of the theory and not the descriptive realism of the theory. Friedman was also influential in proposing that governments use countercyclical budget policies.CASE ANALYSIS: JAPANS MACROECONOMIC POLICIES:Japan is the world’s second largest economy from the United States. It is a market economy just like the United States although geographically it is very small. Japan is an industrial state although it relies mainly on imported raw materials for its industries. As thus, Japan is highly dependent on the nature of international trade and this means that Freidman’s analysis of price theories, inflation and free trade has a huge impact within the Japanese macroeconomic policies.Within Japan, the economy has followed the teachings of Friedman in the following ways. Firstly, the country has realized the importance of laissez faire economics. For this reason, given that the country relies mo stly on imported raw materials for its industries have, been one of the major advocate’s free trade. This has been commissioned in many ways including being one of the influential members of the world trade organization.  Secondly, the country has adopted Friedman’s teachings in the way the country designs its fiscal policy; this has been done mainly by changing the composition of public spending instead of expanding it.Thirdly, the countries central bank, the bank of Japan has also followed Friedman’s rules in inflation targeting and interest rate benchmarking.  In addition to these, the Japanese cabinet especially in recent years has been very vocal in trying to push for structural reforms as well as the adoption of stringent business policies especially in the financial sector that has been affected by banking crisis for a very long time.Concerning the activities of the bank of Japan, it is important to note that for a long time now the bank has been stea dily increasing the money supply. This is intended to contain inflation as well as being a way of supporting the fiscal policy. In addition to this, the Japanese economy has been under a condition of a liquidity trap.  Ã‚  According to the monetarist theory, mainly influenced by Milton Friedman, a country would most likely move out of a liquidity trap by turning to the printing press or increasing the money supply. In order for Japan to move out of the liquidity trap, the bank of Japan has resulted to the printing press as well as the purchase of Japanese government’s treasury bonds. These are all monetarist activities and they go on to show us how the Japanese economy has gone in line with the teachings of Milton Friedman.CRITICISMS:Although Friedman was very influential on the field of macroeconomics, very many different schools of thought have criticized, or have held different views from those of Friedman. These include the Marxists, the Keynesians and neo-Keynesians.Th e Keynesians and neo-Keynesians advocate for a mixed economy. In this view, they consider an equally important role to be played by both the private sector and the government. . Thus Keynes believed that the government was responsible for not only helping the economy rise out of a depression by increasing aggregate spending but also it could increase general levels of investments by pumping more money into the economy, then the citizens are encouraged to spend more because more money is in circulation.   Once this is done then People will start to invest more, and the economy will react by increasing productive ventures.Thus, Keynes argued that government investment in public goods that will not be provided for by the market would encourage the private sector's growth. This would include government spending on such things as basic research, public health, education, and infrastructure.  On the other side, the Marxists beliefs in a social state where neither the government nor th e market takes control. Karl Marx believed that the state was a manifestation of the ruling class, in many instances he claimed, that the ruling class was the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production). Whose aim was self-enrichment under such a state developments of either the infrastructure or education would be done if it were to their benefit and not to the benefit of the workers (Proletariat).CONCLUSION:The works of Milton Friedman will continue to hold the field of economics for a long time to come, especially in these days of globalization and increasing interdependence of states.REFERENCES:Hadjimichalakis M. (1982) Modern Economics, Prentice Hall Publishers, New JerseyH. Stratton (1999) Economics: A New Introduction, Pluto Press, USAMartin U. (1976) Agricultural Production Economics and Resources Used, Oxford University Press, OxfordPaul Anthony Samuelson (1964) Economics, McGraw-Hill publishers, USAThomas A. and Paschal Francis (1995) Beyond Rhetoric and Realism in Eco nomics: Towards a reformulation of economic methodology, Rout ledge, UK  Ian Livingstone (1970) Economics and Development: an introduction, Oxford University Press, OxfordJay M. Shafritz, Philip H. Whitbeck (1978), Classics of Organization Theory, Moore Pub Co, (Original from the University of Michigan).