How to Write a Research Paper on Breast Cancer

How to Write a Research Paper on Breast Cancer Research Paper on Breast Cancer How to start a research paper on breast cancer Tips on how to start Example of an outline Example of a breast cancer research paper thesis Example of an introduction How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on breast cancer Tips on body writing Example of the 1st body paragraph Example of the 2nd body paragraph Example of the 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper on breast cancer Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion Tips on research paper revision How to start a research paper on breast cancer The first is to think about the introductory part of the research paper on breast cancer that aims to catch the eyes of the reader. Researching is important to know more about the prevalence of breast cancer, the cause, the prevalence, and the impact on the population. The rationale is to gain more knowledge about breast cancer that is potentially hazardous to the longevity and the health and well-being of the person. Tips on how to start A research paper must have an introduction to introduce the topic that will try to familiarize the leaders about the topic that will be discussed. The researcher should collect important data to ensure that the research process is ready to consolidate and present it to the audience. There should be an outline for each research study on a certain topic such as breast cancer as one of the most dangerous diseases in the world today. Identify what method of analysis will be applied to the research paper if it is either qualitative or quantitative. A research paper must have at least a thesis statement that provides a formal way to introduce the topic to the readers. Example of an outline I. Introduction A. Background about breast cancer B. Problem statement about breast cancer C. History of breast cancer D. Thesis II. Body Section A. Factors affecting breast cancer B. Why breast cancer is a concerning disease III. Body Section A. Complications of breast cancer B. Pathophysiology of breasts with cancer IV. Body Section A. Diagnostic testing B. Breast cancer treatment C. Prevention against breast cancer V. Conclusion A. Relating the background of the story B. Restating the thesis. Example of a breast cancer research paper thesis Women who fail to conduct breast self-assessment indicate lack of awareness about the risk of developing breast cancer. Others do not undergo a regular check-up to determine if they are either at risk or not for developing breast cancer. Females only notice that they are now suffering if they are already feeling the signs and symptoms until it is already too late to undergo for treatment. Example of introduction Breast cancer is defined as the process of suffering from both benign and malignant tumors on either or both of the breasts of the patient. This is caused by either a modifiable or nonmodifiable risk factor which concerns with the severity and the prevalence on the presence of cancer cells on the affected parts of the body. Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease, especially if the stage of the disease is already on its terminal stage without being screened (Siu, 2016). The cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body, causing another form of infection to the affected tissue or organ of the body. This paper will be discussing the prevalence rate, mortality, and morbidity of breast cancer, which affects millions of patients around the world. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on breast cancer Every researcher should know that the body paragraph of every research paper is important because it seeks to expound the main discussion of the subject. The body is where the main topic is being discussed. Researchers will be able to define, relate examples, and its impacts on the target individuals regarding the issues that are relevant to the research topic. Tips on body writing The body should be segmented into different parts that separately discuss several key issues relevant to the main subject of the study. Each segment should have a literature study to further explain the significance of the main subject matter to different kinds of topics being discussed from the paper. The body needs credible sources as the researcher explains the relevance of the subject matter through specific details that are connected with the research topic. Each discussion from every segment of the research should be supported with examples to narrate the whole scenario of the topic being discussed. Each discussion should be always concise and not be beating around the bush. Example of the 1st body paragraph The modifiable cause of breast cancer is related to the lifestyle of the patient, which affects their health. This includes their sedentary lifestyle, which plays an important role in limiting their proactive lifestyle, impacting their health and longevity. The non-modifiable factor is attributed to their gender as a female because most sufferers of breast cancers are all females. Heredity and age is also an inevitable scenario, impacting the risk of developing similar health care situation to the next generation kin of the patients (Biswas, Oh, Faulkner, Bajaj, Silver, Mitchell Alter, 2015). Example of the 2nd body paragraph Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease of the human body. Visible signs and symptoms include unusual enlargement of the breast, lump on the breast, tenderness of the breast, and unusual discharges from the breast. If left untreated, palliative care is the only applicable treatment applied to the patient (Moyer, 2013). Example of the 3rd body paragraph Surgical removal of the cancerous cyst is recommended for patients suffering from the disease. This includes double mastectomy so that the patient’s affected organs and tissues will no longer infect other parts of the body. Radiation or chemotherapy is the most common treatment applied to the patient along with the medication regimen as well as screening procedures (Gotzsche Jorgensen, 2013). How to finish a research paper on breast cancer It is best to finish the research paper with wrapping up what has been said and giving recommendations. This is to end the conversation between a reader and the presented research. Tips on conclusion writing Provide a detailed outline of the research regarding the pertinent data being discussed. Always use a concise way of concluding each paragraph. State your final thoughts about the main subject of the topic such as the impact of breast cancer on the society. Reveal insight corresponding to the issue is associated with the relevance of breast cancer prevalence to the society. Recommendations should be applied for the concluding paragraph, stating what can be done to prevent breast cancer development to the society. Example of a conclusion It has been concluded that breast cancer is prevalent if the patient was not aware of the proper handling of diet management and having an uncontrollable sedentary lifestyle. Even if you are at risk, breast cancer is still a disease that could affect your health and longevity. We should realize that breast cancer is a life-threatening disease and could happen to anyone who was practicing a poor healthy lifestyle. Preventive measures such as engaging in a productive dissemination and awareness program are important to increase the number of individuals who are willing to cooperate with health care professionals. Tips on research paper revision It is important to proofread before finalizing the paper this is to check all grammatical inconsistencies or grammars. Check if the sources exist online so that it is easier for the audience to have an access to the facts. Refer to your research adviser to know other issues that are needed to be changed or revised. Never consider your paper as the final output prior to your defense. Proofread multiple times as possible before submitting to the adviser or prior to defense. References Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS Alter DA (2015). Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.  Annals of Internal Medicine.  162  (2): 123–32.   Gà ¸tzsche PC, Jà ¸rgensen KJ (2013). Screening for breast cancer with mammography..  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.  6: CD001877.   Moyer VA (2013). Medications for Risk Reduction of Primary Breast Cancer in Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement..  Annals of Internal Medicine.  159: 698–708.   Siu, Albert L. (12 January 2016). Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.  Annals of Internal Medicine.  164: 279–96.

Dead People Rule

Dead People Rule I write about dead people. And get paid. But I didn’t set out to write about dead people. Mitty Ann Medlin captured my attention at a local historic cemetery. She arrived in Texas in 1848, at the age of 18, in a covered wagon train from Missouri. She married here and died in childbirth in 1850. I was intrigued. I wanted to write her story. I researched. And researched more. Yet, I didn’t feel ready to write the book. But, as with most writing, it doesn’t have to be an all or nothing venture. Mitty Ann, and a Texas full moon, was the inspiration for a blog hop a few years ago. That blog led to a request from the city of Trophy Club for an article. Medlin Memories: Winds of Change appeared in Discover Trophy Club. A few months later, Guardian Angel Kids published Sarah’s Journey in their ezine. I chose Mitty’s younger sister, Sarah, to tell the story to a younger audience. Another month, Guardian Angel Kids ‘Aviation’ theme stumped me. Story ideas were fleeting. But †¦ I had a list of remarkable Texas women from another project. Katherine and Mary Stinson, two sisters, had numerous flying records in aviation’s early days. Sisters with Wings was born. I got paid again for writing about dead people. A set of 1934 quilt squares I acquired at a yard sale ten years ago filled another niche. The blocks had names embroidered on them. I discovered their origins a small, now nonexistent, town in Iowa. Calico Connections appeared as another children’s story. With some supplemental quilting information, the story was reborn as Doris’s Christmas Legacy for Quilters World. (A follow up about delivering the quilt squares to Iowa will appear in the Summer 2015 issue.) Queries are out to other publications, such as Our Iowa, and Iowan. Short stories were also submitted to Ladies Home Journal and Chicken Soup for the Soul. Writing about people from the past is more than

Automobile Accidents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Automobile Accidents - Research Paper Example Automobile drivers and other stakeholders who are part of automobile accidents can take control of internal factors to decrease the rate of automobile accidents. The reasons due to which automobile accidents are caused include substance abuse, cultural factors, use of mobile phone, personality traits and experience. It is most commonly believed that when individuals are under the influence of substances such as alcohol or drugs, they tend to loose control over their vehicle and cause accidents. Several accidents throughout the world are linked with alcoholism. A study was conducted by Richer and other researchers to ensure whether driving under influence of cannabis results in automobile accidents or not (Richer, 2009). The literature review section of the research proved that various researches have stated that when a driver is under the influence of cannabis there are higher chances of automobile accidents as the driver looses his control over the vehicle. The study conducted by Richer was related to driving type and by those who abuse cannabis. The research proved that when drivers are under the influence of cannabis, they drive in a reckless manner and are negative state of emotion. This opinion has been countered by Guastello through his research in which he hypothesized that individuals w ho are addicted to alcohol and are heavy alcohol drinkers are mostly involved in road accidents even when they are not under the influence of alcohol (Guastello, 1987). The research took place for three years in which 1300 respondents who were at the undergraduate level of their education reported incidents of near missed accidents each week and a questionnaire was used to measure their level of alcohol and drug abuse. The research concluded that the hypothesis was null and there was no or miniature connection between use of drugs and alcohol and automobile accidents. As stated by WHO that the 70% of the deaths that take place throughout the

The Underground Railroad Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Underground Railroad - Research Paper Example The growing activity of Underground Railroad gave a completely new meaning to the concept of slavery and freedom among American society. The activity did not accurately take place underground but it was carried out in clandestine, using masquerade or in the night. The term railroad subsequently came as an identity because the resting places were known as stations and those who helped the slaves to travel towards their freedom were conductors and the payments they collected were either called parcels or shipment. The whole network spread across through 14 northern states and the freedom land, which was either Canada or Mexico (Foner et al 1991). There are many stories explaining about the source of the title Underground Railway. One source narrates the story that in early 1831; Tice David found his way out from Kentucky somewhere near Sandusky in Northern Ohio. The person who was in charge of imprisoning Tice David started a search across the Ohio River in Ripley and stated the term Underground Railroad by saying, â€Å"The Nigger must have gone off on an underground railroad†. The second source claims the identity of the term Underground Railroad similar to the first one but they claim that it was coined in Pennsylvania by the slave hunters. Whereas the third allegation was in Washington DC in 1839, where a tortured slave stated that after his successful escape, he came north where he found the Underground Railroad that would led him to Boston.... No one really knows the true reason behind what gave the slave runaway an identity as The Underground Railroad (Blight 1986). Underground Railroad system helped many slaves to make their way from South to North to a safe place. The activity started in 1787, when an escaped prisoner named Isaac T. Hooper designed a way to help the enslaved people to escape, giving them a place to hide with food and shelter. People who opposed the system of slavery contributed to provide homes as a shelter for the slaves. The network of Underground Railroad was across in 14 Northern states and Canada and by 1850, more than 3000 people worked together to help the slaves to reach the Promised Land (Blight 1990). Before the Civil War, many slaves found their way to gain freedom from the slavery. According to some figures, it was estimated that more than 1000 slaves escaped per year. Most of the people who escaped wanted to end the slavery and some of them just wanted to reach to their friends and families . Some slaves settled in the southern region in different towns and cities using fake documents. It is believed that the majority of fugitives tried to find their way to North and many of the fugitives kept going towards Canada. Some of the escaped prisoners willingly came back to their masters and a large number of slaves got caught by slave hunters. For those who attempted to get to the North, support came from many Native Americans and Africans. This support become obvious as the years passed. When the year 1830 passed, the supporters showed high support in carrying out this activity. The black community played an important role and later on the support was named The Underground Railroad. African people after escaping played a very important role in routing people to

Of Nightingales That Weep by Katherine Paterson Essay -- Of Nightingal

Of Nightingales That Weep Chapter 1 This chapter is about Takiko and her first family home. It tells a lot about her family. They talk about the war In this chapter also. Takiko’s mother decides that she will remarry after her father dies. Takiko’s finds out that her father is died. Chapter 2 This chapter the book tells about Goro who is Takiko’s stepfather. Takiko finds out that Goro is a injured man. She thinks it will be very hard to live with Goro because of his problem. Chapter 3 This chapter tells about Takiko living with Goro for a few months now. It tells how the family has a party for the new year, and they hope that the family will work out. Chapter 4 This chapter is about the child that Takiko’s mother has. She has the baby with Goro. This is when Takiko thinks about her future and she wants to leave the farm and go on into the city and start a new life there. Chapter 5 This chapter is about when Takiko starts her new free life in the capital. She finds a job with the Emperor and makes money to survive on. The job is that she is a servant for the Emperor. She also plays as a musician playing her Kyoto. Chapter 6 In this chapter Takiko plays the Kyoto in from of a large audience that gathered just to here her play on it. This is a trial or a test to see if she belongs at the capital. Chapter 7 In this chapter a war becomes abrupt into the capital, and it forces everyone to leave. Takiko’s mother hears about it and tells her husband t...

Training and Development Paper

Training is an essential part of any field without which even a qualified person cannot contribute effectively to an organization. It is important to evaluate every kind of training in order to determine whether it is producing the desired goals or it needs to be improved. Evaluation mostly involves getting ongoing feedback from the learner, trainer and supervisor so that there is continuous improvement in the quality and quantity. The different ways through which training can be evaluated are as follows: · Effectiveness of training can be measured through employee performance evaluations which are carried out from time to time as a regular appraisal process. The impact of training can be known by evaluating employee’s performance and training can be altered if necessary. · Training also has impact on business performance therefore evaluating business performance through sales, production costs, output, absenteeism, and turnover. Business performance can also be evaluated through qualitative improvements like quality of products and services, customer satisfaction achieved through superior customer service and greater innovation. · The most useful way is through employee feedback. Employees should be asked directly that if the training was according to their expertise and expectations, what have they learnt and how will they put the training into action, can the training be improved so that it better work etc. Employees might hesitate to give responses face to face therefore, training assessment or evaluation forms can be used for this purpose. · Finally, observation can also be a useful technique for evaluation the effectiveness of the training. Observation should be according to the objective of the training. If the training’s purpose was to enhance the communication skills of the employees then it can be observed how employees communicate with each other and with their customers in order to determine the training effectiveness.Training should be treated as a necessity in the organizations and therefore, it should be continuously reinforced and sustained so that the employees can always show better performance than before. Training should be ongoing in order to sustain the performance of the learners. In order to accomplish this training should be never stopped instead it should be properly evaluated and improved from time to time.There will not come any time when employees don’t need training because the business environment is continuously changing which require different abilities and skills at different times. Therefore, continuous training is the right way to sustain and reinforce better performance. Another way is support from the top management. When the superiors support their subordinates in acquiring knowledge then training can be reinforced. Thus, providing training is not the end instead sustaining and reinforcing it is also critical to ensure its effectiveness.REFERENCESBramley, P. (1991). Evalu ating Training Effectiveness: Translating Theory into Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.

How to Conjugate the Verb Dovere in Italian

If you are feeling besieged by things you must do and see on your trip to Italy, you will want to reach out for the verb dovere. It means to have to, to be obligated to, and must. Depending on the tense, it also means supposed to and should, and it also means to owe. Modal: Transitive or Intransitive Dovere, an irregular second-conjugation verb, is  transitive, so it takes a  direct object (in the case of owing, its a true object, such as money), and in its compound tenses it is conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere. But dovere is most important for its service as a modal verb, or verbo servile, serving to express the duty to do something; and in that capacity it directly precedes the verb it is serving and, in compound tenses, it most often adopts the auxiliary required by that verb. For example, if what must be done is to pay the bill, dovere takes avere: Ho dovuto pagare il conto. If it serves an intransitive verb with essere, such as partire, for example, it takes essere: Sono dovuto partire (I had to leave). With a reflexive verb, it will take essere. Remember your ground rules for choosing the right auxiliary; sometimes it is a case-by-case choice, depending on the use of the verb at that moment. Ho dovuto vestire i bambini. I had to dress the children (transitive, avere).Mi sono dovuta vestire. I had to get dressed (reflexive, essere). But, a few rules regarding modal verbs: They want avere when they are followed by essere (la mamma ha dovuto essere coraggiosa, or, mom had to be courageous) and, with reflexive verbs, the position of the reflexive pronoun determines whether it uses essere or avere. Note here: Ci siamo dovuti lavare. We had to wash.Abbiamo dovuto lavarci. We had to wash. To Owe In its meaning of to owe something dovere is followed by a noun and takes avere: Ti devo una spiegazione. I owe you an explanation.Marco mi deve dei soldi. Marco owes me some money.Gli devo la vita. I own him my life. Like fellow verbs potere and volere, the acts of having to, wanting to, and being able to do not, most often, have a clear-cut beginning and end, so they often lend themselves to less perfect tenses. You dont use dovere as owing in the passato prossimo to say I owed unless you settled the debt: you use the imperfetto, which then leads to you having paid the debt or not. Gli ho dovuto dei soldi per molto tempo. I owed him money for a long time (and implying that you paid him back).Gli dovevo dei soldi. I owed him money (and perhaps you paid him back). Avere Bisogno Dovere can also be used to mean what in English is casually referred to as needing—devo andare in banca, for example: I need to go to the bank. In truth, true need in Italian is expressed with avere bisogno di, referring to an interior need rather than an obligation. However, at least superficially, the two are easily interchanged. Tu hai bisogno di riposarti, or, tu ti devi riposare mean similar things: you need to rest, or you must/have to rest. In the tables below are examples of dovere used with transitive, intransitive non-reflexive, and reflexive verbs, with essere and avere, in modal function and not. Note, there is no imperative in dovere. Indicativo Presente: Present Indicative An irregular presente. In the present, dovere means the most assured must, though if preceded by forse, it is might have to. Io devo/debbo Io devo lavorare. I must/have to work. Tu devi Tu devi andare. You must go. Lui, lei, Lei deve Luca mi deve dei soldi. Luca owes me some money. Noi dobbiamo Dobbiamo telefonare in ufficio. We have to call the office. Voi dovete Dovete pagare il conto. You must pay the bill. Loro devono Devono svegliarsi/si devono svegliare. They must/need to wake up. Indicativo Passato Prossimo: Indicative Present Perfect The passato prossimo, made of the present of the auxiliary and the past participle, dovuto. With modal verbs there is a finiteness to this tense: it means having had to do something and having done it. If you say, Ho dovuto mangiare dalla nonna, it means you had to and implies that you did. Io ho dovuto/sono dovuto/a Oggi ho dovuto lavorare. Today I had to work. Tu hai dovuto/sei dovuto/a Dove sei dovuto andare oggi? Where did you have to go today? Lui, lei, Lei ha dovuto/à ¨ dovuto/a Luca mi ha dovuto dei soldi per molto tempo. Luca owed me money for a long time. Noi abbiamo dovuto/siamo dovuti/e Abbiamo dovuto telefonare in ufficio per avere una risposta. We had to call the office to get an answer. Voi avete dovuto/siete dovuti/e Avete dovuto pagare perchà © vi toccava. You had to pay because it was your turn. Loro, Loro hanno dovuto/sono dovuti/e Stamattina hanno dovuto svegliarsi/si sono dovuti svegliare presto. This morning they had to get up early. Indicativo Imperfetto: Imperfetto Indicativo In the imperfetto, dovere can be rendered with the English translation supposed to, implying that perhaps things didnt happen as expected, as the subtleties of this modal verb allow. Io dovevo Oggi dovevo lavorare ma ha piovuto. Today I was supposed to work but it rained. Tu dovevi Non dovevi andare a casa? Were you not supposed to go home? Lui, lei, Lei doveva Luca mi doveva dei soldi. Luca owed me some money. Noi dovevamo Dovevamo telefonare in ufficio ma ci siamo dimenticate. We were supposed to call the office but we forgot. Voi dovevate Non dovevate pagare voi? Were you not supposed to pay? Loro, Loro dovevano Dovevano svegliarsi alle 8. They were supposed to wake up at 8. Indicativo Passato Remoto A regular passato remoto. Io dovei/dovetti Quel giorno dovetti lavorare e tornai tardi. That day I had to work late and I came home late. Tu dovesti Ricordo che dovesti andare presto. I remember that you had to go early. Lui, lei, Lei dovà ©/dovette Luca mi dovette dei soldi per molti anni. Luca owed me money for many years. Noi dovemmo Dovemmo telefonare in ufficio per sapere se eravamo promosse. We had to call the office to know if we had passed. Voi doveste Doveste pagare tutto il conto perchà © loro non avevano soldi. You had to pay the whole bill because they didn't have any money. Loro dovettero Si dovettero svegliare/dovettero svegliarsi presto per partire. They had to wake up early to leave. Indicativo Trapassato Prossimo: Past Perfect Indicative The trapassato prossimo, made of the imperfetto of the auxiliary and the past participle. Io avevo dovuto/ero dovuto/a Avevo dovuto lavorare prima di andare a scuola. You had had to work before going to school. Tu avevi dovuto/eri dovuto/a Eri dovuto andare non so dove. You had had to go I don't know where. Lui, lei, Lei aveva dovuto/era dovuto/a Luca mi aveva dovuto dei soldi da molto tempo. Luca had owed my money for a long time. Noi avevamo dovuto/eravamo dovuti/e Avevamo dovuto telefonare in ufficio per avere la risposta. We had had to call the office to have an answer. Voi avevate dovuto/eravate dovuti/e Avevate dovuto pagare sempre voi perchà © eravate i pià ¹ generosi. You had always had to pay because you were the most generous. Loro, Loro avevano dovuto/erano dovuti/e Si erano dovuti svegliare/avevano dovuto svegliarsi presto per andare a scuola. They had had to wake up early to go to school. Indicativo Trapassato Remoto: Preterite Past Indicative Il trapassato remoto, made of the passato remoto of the auxiliary and the past participle. A very remote literary storytelling tense. Io ebbi dovuto/fui dovuto/a Dopo che ebbi dovuto lavorare, andai a riposare. After I had had to work, I went to rest. Tu avesti dovuto/fosti dovuto/a Appena che fosti dovuto andare, mi chiamasti. As soon as you had had to go, you called me. Lui, lei, Lei ebbe dovuto/fu dovuto/a Dopo che Luca mi ebbe dovuto i soldi per molto tempo, me li dette. After Luca had owned me the money for so long, he gave it to me. Noi avemmo dovuto/fummo dovuti/e Dopo che avemmo dovuto telefonare in ufficio per sapere di nostro figlio, il generale si scusà ². After we had had to call the office to have news of our son, the general apologized. Voi aveste dovuto/fummo dovuti/e Aveste dovuto pagare perchà © nessun altri volle pagare. You had had to pay because no one else would. Loro, Loro ebbero dovuto/furono dovuti/e Dopo che si furono dovuti svegliare/ebbero dovuto svegliarsi all'alba, furono stanchi tutto il viaggio. After they had had to get up at dawn, they stayed tired the rest of the trip. Indicativo Futuro Semplice: Simple Future Indicative Il futuro semplice, irregular, translates to will have to. Io dovrà ² Quest'anno dovrà ² lavorare molto. This year I will have to work a lot. Tu dovrai Presto dovrai andare. Soon you will have to go. Lui, lei, Lei dovrà   Domani Luca non mi dovrà   pià ¹ niente. Tomorrow Luca will not owe me anything anymore. Noi dovremo Dovremo telefonare in ufficio per avere una risposta. We will have to call the office to have an answer. Voi dovrete Domani dovrete pagare voi. Tomorrow you will have to pay. Loro, Loro dovranno Domani dovranno svegliarsi presto per il viaggio. Tomorrow they will have to wake up early for the trip. Indicativo Futuro Anteriore: Future Perfect Indicative A regular futuro anteriore, made of the simple future of the auxiliary and the past participle. A good tense for surmising, too. Io avrà ² dovuto/sarà ² dovuto/a Se avrà ² dovuto lavorare, sarà ² stanco. If I will have had to work, I will be tired. Tu avrai dovuto/sarai dovuto/a A quest'ora domani sarai dovuto andare via. Tomorrow at this time you will have had to leave. Lui, lei, Lei avrà   dovuto/sarà   dovuto/a Forse Luca avrà   dovuto dei soldi anche a Luigi? Maybe Luca owed Luigi money too? Noi avremo dovuto/saremo dovuti/e Dopo che avremo telefonato in ufficio avremo la risposta. After we will have called the office we will have our answer. Voi avrete dovuto/sarete dovuti/e Dopo che avrete dovuto pagare voi, sarete senz'altro di cattivo umore. After you will have had to pay, you will be in a bad mood. Loro, Loro avranno dovuto/saranno dovuti/e Sicuramente si saranno dovuti svegliare/avranno dovuto svegliarsi presto per il viaggio. Surely they will have had to get up early for their trip. Congiuntivo Presente: Present Subjunctive An irregular congiuntivo presente. Che io debba Pare assurdo che debba lavorare a Natale. It seems absurd that I have to work for Christmas. Che tu debba Non voglio che tu debba andare. I don't want you to have to go. Che lui, lei, Lei debba Credo che Luca mi debba dei soldi. I think that Luca owes me money. Che noi dobbiamo Temo che domani dobbiamo telefonare in ufficio. I fear that tomorrow we will have to call the office. Che voi dobbiate Sono felice che dobbiate pagare voi. I am happy that you have to pay. Che loro, Loro debbano Temo che si debbano svegliare presto. I fear that they have to get up early. Congiuntivo Passato: Present Perfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo passato, made of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io abbia dovuto/sia dovuto/a Nonostante abbia dovuto lavorare per Natale, sono felice. Though I had to work on Christmas, I am happy. Che tu abbia dovuto/sia dovuto/a Sono felice, nonostante tu sia dovuto andare. Although you had to go, I am happy. Che lui, lei, Lei abbia dovuto/sia dovuto/a Non mi importa che Luca mi abbia dovuto dei soldi da molto tempo. It doesn't matter to me that Luca has owed me money for a long time. Che noi abbiamo dovuto/siamo dovuti/e Sono arrabbiata che abbiamo dovuto telefonare in ufficio per avere una risposta. I am angry that we had to call the office to have an answer. Che voi abbiate dovuto/siate dovuti/e Mi dispiace che abbiate dovuto pagare voi. I am sorry that you had to pay. Che loro, Loro abbiano dovuto/siano dovuti/e Mi dispiace che si siano dovuti svegliare/abbiano dovuto svegliarsi presto. I am sorry that they had to get up early. Congiuntivo Imperfetto: Imperfect Subjunctive A regular congiuntivo imperfetto. Che io dovessi La mamma non voleva che dovessi lavorare domani. Mom didn't want me to have to work tomorrow. Che tu dovessi Vorrei che tu non dovessi andare. I wish that you didn't have to go. Che lui, lei, Lei dovesse Vorrei che Luca non mi dovesse dei soldi. I wish that Luca didn't owe me money. Che noi dovessimo Speravo che non dovessimo telefonare in ufficio. I was hoping that we would not have to call the office. Che voi doveste Vorrei che non doveste pagare voi. I wish that you didn't have to pay. Che loro, Loro dovessero Speravo che non si dovessero svegliare presto. I hoped that they would not have to wake up early. Congiuntivo Trapassato: Past Perfect Subjunctive The congiuntivo trapassato, made of the imperfetto congiuntivo of the auxiliary and the past participle. Che io avessi dovuto/fossi dovuto/a La mamma vorrebbe che non avessi dovuto lavorare per Natale. Mom wishes that I had not had to work on Christmas. Che tu avessi dovuto/fossi dovuto/a Vorrei che tu non fossi dovuto andare. I wish that you had not had to go. Che lui, lei, Lei avesse dovuto/fosse dovuto/a Vorrei che Luca non mi avesse dovuto dei soldi. I wish that Luca had not owed me money. Che noi avessimo dovuto/fossimo dovuti/e Speravo che non avessimo dovuto telefonare in ufficio. I had hoped that we didn't have to call the office. Che voi aveste dovuto/foste dovuti/e Vorrei che non aveste dovuto pagare. I wish that you had not had to pay. Che loro, Loro avessero dovuto/fossero dovuti/e Speravo che non si fossero dovuti svegliare/avessero dovuto svegliarsi presto. I hoped that they had not had to wake up early. Condizionale Presente: Present Conditional An irregular presente condizionale: should. Io dovrei Dovrei lavorare domani. I should work tomorrow. Tu dovresti Dovresti andare. You should go. Lui, lei, Lei dovrebbe Luca non mi dovrebbe dei soldi se non ne avesse avuto bisogno. Luca would not owe me money if he had not had the need. Noi dovremmo Dovremmo telefonare in ufficio. We should call the office. Voi dovreste Non dovreste pagare voi. You shouldn't have to pay. Loro, Loro dovrebbero Se sono organizzati, non dovrebbero svegliarsi troppo presto. If they are organized, they should not have to get up too early. Condizionale Passato: Past Conditional Il condizionale passato, made of the present conditional of the auxiliary and the past participle, translates best to should have. Io avrei dovuto/sarei dovuto/a Avrei dovuto lavorare domani ma faccio festa. I should have worked tomorrow but I am taking the day off. Tu avresti dovuto/saresti dovuto/a Saresti dovuto andare domani, senza di me. You should have gone tomorrow, without me. Lui, lei, Lei avrebbe dovuto/sarebbe dovuto/a Se non fosse per te, Luca mi avrebbe dovuto ancora dei soldi. If it had not been for you, Luca would still have owed me money. Noi avremmo dovuto/saremmo dovuti/e Avremmo dovuto telefonare in ufficio noi. We should have called the office. Voi avreste dovuto/sareste dovuti/e Avreste dovuto pagare voi. You should have paid. Loro, Loro avrebbero dovuto/sarebbero dovuti/e Si sarebbero dovuti svegliare/avrebbero dovuto svegliarsi prima. They should have woken up earlier. Infinito Presente Passato: Present Past Infinitive The infinito dovere is an important noun in its own right, meaning duty. Dovere 1. Il dovere viene prima del piacere. 2. Il tuo dovere à ¨ di studiare. 3. Mi risolleva non dovermi alzare presto. 4. Mi dispiace doverti deludere. 1. Duty comes before pleasure. 2. Your duty is to study. 3. It consoles me to not have to get up early. 4. I am sorry to have to disappoint you. Avere dovuto Non mi fa piacere avere dovuto pagare la multa. It does not please me to have to have paid the fine. Essere dovuto/a/i/e Mi ha fatto bene essermi dovuta alzare presto. It was good for me to have to get up early. Participio Presente Passato: Present Past Participle Aside from its auxiliary function, the participio passato dovuto is used as a noun and an adjective meaning due, owed, needed, or appropriate. Dovente - Dovuto 1. Dobbiamo pagare il dovuto. 2. Non ti lamentare pià ¹ del dovuto. 1. We must pay what's owed. 2. Don't complain more than what's appropriate. Dovuto/a/i/e Sono dovuta andare. I had to go. Gerundio Presente Passato: Present Past Gerund The gerund occupies an important role in Italian. Dovendo 1. Dovendo studiare, sono rimasta a casa. 2. Dovendoti le mie scuse, ho voluto incontrarti. 1. Having to study, I stayed home. 2. Owing you my apologies, I wanted to see you. Avendo dovuto 1. Avendo dovuto studiare, sono rimasta a casa. 2. Avendoti dovuto le mie scuse, ho cercato di vederti. 1. Having had to study, I stayed home. 2. Having owed you my apologies, I tried to see you. Essendosi dovuto/a/i/e 1. Essendosi dovuta riposare, Lucia à ¨ rimasta a casa. 2. Essendosi dovuti alzare presto, sono andati a dormire. 1. Having needed to rest, Lucia stayed home. 2. Having needed/having to get up early, they went to sleep.